of metastasis involves multiple steps, [2] including movement of tumor cells into adjacent tissues, migration through the endothelium into blood vessels or lymphatics (intravasation), passage via circulation, and extravasation to and proliferation in distant tissue. However, the factors that contribute to this complex cascade of events are poorly understood; thus, there is a need for improved model systems to investigate them. Even the initial stage of metastasis, in which cancer cells infiltrate locally into adjacent tissue, is difficult to study in vitro because available technologies represent the in vivo environment poorly and have characteristics that may be practically or experimentally restrictive. For example, established techniques [3] like the classical transwell migration assay [4] and scratch assay [5] have proven to be valuable for probing chemotaxis and wound healing potential, respectively, however, they feature 2D cell cultures that do not reflect the 3D nature of tissues in which cancer cells reside and require large amounts of cells. Additionally, many conventional assays typically do not allow for the real-time assessment of cell viability; a capacity that is especially critical for studying the effects of therapeutic agents that may target metastasis.
Cancer cell motility plays a central role in metastasis and tumor invasion butcan be difficult to study accurately in vitro. A simple approach to address this challenge through the production of monolithic, photopatterned 3D tumor constructs in situ in a microfluidic device is described here. Through stepwise fabrication of adjoining hydrogel regions with and without incorporated cells, multidomain structures with defined boundaries are produced. By imaging cells over time, cellular activity with arbitrary control over medium conditions, including drug concentration and flow rate, is studied. First, malignant human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) are studied for 10 days, comparing invasion dynamics and viability of cells in normal media to those exposed to two independent chemotherapeutic drugs: anti-proliferative 5-fluorouracil and anti-migratory Marimastat. Cytotoxicity is measured and significant differences are observed in cellular dynamics (migrating cell count, distance traveled, and rate) that correlate with the mechanism of each drug. Then, the platform is applied to the selective isolation of infiltrated cells through the photopatterning and subsequent dissolution of cleavable hydrogel domains. As a demonstration, the preferential collection of highly migratory cells (HCT116) over a comparable cell line with low malignancy and migratory potential (Caco-2) is shown.