Targeting interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) for glioblastoma therapy with surface functionalized nanocarriers

Abstract

Despite surgical and therapeutic advances, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most fatal primary brain tumor that is aggressive in nature. Patients with GBM have a median lifespan of just 15 months when treated with the current standard of therapy, which includes surgical resection and concomitant chemo-radiotherapy. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown considerable promise in treating a variety of illnesses, and certain nanomaterials have been proven to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and stay in glioblastoma tissues. Recent preclinical research suggests that the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumor is significantly explored through the intervention of nanomaterials that has showed enhanced effect. In order to elicit an antitumor response, it is necessary to retain the therapeutic candidates within glioblastoma tissues and this job is effectively carried out by nanocarrier particularly functionalized nanocarriers. In the arena of neoplastic diseases including GBM have achieved great attention in recent decades. Furthermore, interleukin-13 receptor α chain variant 2 (IL13Rα2) is a highly expressed and studied target in GBM that is lacked by the surrounding environment. The absence of IL13Rα2 in surrounding normal tissues has made it a suitable target in glioblastoma therapy. In this review article, we highlighted the role of IL13Rα2 as a potential target in GBM along with design and fabrication of efficient targeting strategies for IL13Rα2 through surface functionalized nanocarriers.

Peptide-Hitchhiking for the Development of Nanosystems in Glioblastoma

“…Additionally, the absence of IL13Rα2 in the normal tissues surrounding GBM enhances its suitability as a target. Several approaches using peptide ligands to functionalize NPs have been employed to target this receptor . Gao et al modified the surface of docetaxel (DTX)-loaded lipid NPs with IL-13 peptide, proving its effectiveness as a ligand for IL-13Rα2 in treating GBM.…”

A receptor-mediated landscape of druggable and targeted nanomaterials for gliomas

“…One of the main interleukin receptors overexpressed in GBM is the IL13α 2 ​R receptor, being a promising candidate for GBM immunotherapy [ [178] , [179] , [180] ]. The Active Targeting Strategies of Nanocarriers for active targeting of interleukin are summarized in Table 4 .…”

Inflammatory Mediators and GBM Malignancy: Current Scenario and Future Prospective

“…; Table 2, Ref. [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]). It has been reported that blocking the activity of IL-6R by tocilizumab in a glioma cell line (U87MG) prevented cell proliferation by acting through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathways [25].…”

“…• Excess expression in GBM [56,57] • 70% of animal experiments that combined IL-13 with the toxin had long-term survival without discernible neurotoxicity • Actions on human GBM cells that are cytotoxic 11.…”