2019
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215452
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Targeting Immune-Related Biological Processes in Solid Tumors: We do Need Biomarkers

Abstract: Immunotherapy has become the standard-of-care in many solid tumors. Despite the significant recent achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, several issues related to patients’ selection for immunotherapy remain unsolved. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in this setting, the vision of a single biomarker is somewhat naïve and imprecise, given that immunotherapy does not follow the rules that we have experienced in the past for targeted therapies. On the other hand, additional immune-related… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(44 citation statements)
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References 138 publications
(159 reference statements)
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“…Therefore, no companion diagnostic test came with FDA approval. Whether the predictive diagnostic algorithms should be histology-agnostic remains a matter of controversy [23]. In this respect, the loss of the MMR proteins is not necessarily linked to an underlying MMR deficiency in breast neoplasms [7,24].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, no companion diagnostic test came with FDA approval. Whether the predictive diagnostic algorithms should be histology-agnostic remains a matter of controversy [23]. In this respect, the loss of the MMR proteins is not necessarily linked to an underlying MMR deficiency in breast neoplasms [7,24].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The lymphatic system is composed of a complex network of vessels and organs complementary to the cardiovascular system (16). It plays a crucial role in several biological events, including immune response and homeostasis of interstitial fluids, cells, molecules, and tissue debris (17,18). At early stages of embryogenesis, the lymphatic vessels develop from the embryonic veins through the stepwise expression of numerous molecules, including prospero-related homeobox domain 1 (PROX1) and nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2 (NR2F2) (17,19).…”
Section: Ontogenesis Of the Lymphatic Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is not surprising that dMMR GECs, in comparison to MMR wild-type cases, show higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) [20]. Of note, MSI-H and PD-L1 POS phenotype are major prognostic factors as well as predictive biomarkers for ICI efficacy in GEC [21][22][23]. Multiregion exome sequencing revealed > 20-fold levels of intratumor heterogeneity in dMMR GEC compared to other cancer types, and also long phylogenetic trunks [24].…”
Section: Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features Of Mmr-deficient Gamentioning
confidence: 99%