Targeting Candida albicans in dual-species biofilms with antifungal treatment reduces Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in vitro

Luo, Yu; McAuley, Daniel F.; Fulton, Catherine; Sá‐Pessoa, Joana; McMullan, Ronan; Lundy, Fionnuala T.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249547

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…tropicalis and C. tropicalis–S. marcescens 52 , Staphylococcus xylosus – S. aureus 53 etc. It was observed that ocular isolates of C. albicans, S. aureus and S. epidermidis formed polymicrobial mixed biofilms irrespective of whether the bacteria and fungus were added simultaneously onto the substratum, or the bacterium was added to the preformed fungal biofilm or vice versa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymicrobial biofilms of ocular bacteria and fungi on ex vivo human corneas

Ranjith

Nagapriya

Shivaji

2022

Sci Rep

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Microbes residing in biofilms confer several fold higher antimicrobial resistances than their planktonic counterparts. Compared to monomicrobial biofilms, polymicrobial biofilms involving multiple bacteria, multiple fungi or both are more dominant in nature. Paradoxically, polymicrobial biofilms are less studied. In this study, ocular isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Candida albicans, the etiological agents of several ocular infections, were used to demonstrate their potential to form mono- and polymicrobial biofilms both in vitro and on human cadaveric corneas. Quantitative (crystal violet and XTT methods) and qualitative (confocal and scanning electron microscopy) methods demonstrated that they form polymicrobial biofilms. The extent of biofilm formation was dependent on whether bacteria and fungi were incubated simultaneously or added to a preformed biofilm. Additionally, the polymicrobial biofilms exhibited increased resistance to different antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. When the MBECs of different antibacterial and antifungal agents were monitored it was observed that the MBECs in the polymicrobial biofilms was either identical or decreased compared to the monomicrobial biofilms. The results are relevant in planning treatment strategies for the eye. This study demonstrates that ocular bacteria and fungi form polymicrobial biofilms and exhibit increase in antimicrobial resistance compared to the planktonic cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymicrobial biofilms of ocular bacteria and fungi on ex vivo human corneas

Ranjith

Nagapriya

Shivaji

2022

Sci Rep

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“…Although the mechanism by which anidulafungin reduces PNAG production remains to be determined, the authors suggest that it may inhibit activity of PNAG synthesis protein IcaA ( 79 ). However, the anidulafungin-mediated reduction of C. albicans biofilm growth may also contribute to enhanced killing of S. aureus in biofilm, as reducing C. albicans burdens in a polymicrobial biofilm consequently reduces the protective effect of C. albicans on S. aureus antibiotic resistance ( 56 , 80 ). One proposed mechanism of reduced antibiotic efficacy towards S. aureus in a C. albicans biofilm relative to a mono-microbial biofilm is through a physical barrier of the biofilm preventing appropriate diffusion of the antibiotics.…”

Section: Albicans-s Aureus Biofilm Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection

Eichelberger

Cassat

2021

Front. Immunol.

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Successful pathogens require metabolic flexibility to adapt to diverse host niches. The presence of co-infecting or commensal microorganisms at a given infection site can further influence the metabolic processes required for a pathogen to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans are microorganisms that asymptomatically colonize healthy individuals but can also cause superficial infections or severe invasive disease. Due to many shared host niches, S. aureus and C. albicans are frequently co-isolated from mixed fungal-bacterial infections. S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection alters microbial metabolism relative to infection with either organism alone. Metabolic changes during co-infection regulate virulence, such as enhancing toxin production in S. aureus or contributing to morphogenesis and cell wall remodeling in C. albicans. C. albicans and S. aureus also form polymicrobial biofilms, which have greater biomass and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials relative to mono-microbial biofilms. The S. aureus and C. albicans metabolic programs induced during co-infection impact interactions with host immune cells, resulting in greater microbial survival and immune evasion. Conversely, innate immune cell sensing of S. aureus and C. albicans triggers metabolic changes in the host cells that result in an altered immune response to secondary infections. In this review article, we discuss the metabolic programs that govern host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection. Understanding C. albicans-S. aureus interactions may highlight more general principles of how polymicrobial interactions, particularly fungal-bacterial interactions, shape the outcome of infectious disease. We focus on how co-infection alters microbial metabolism to enhance virulence and how infection-induced changes to host cell metabolism can impact a secondary infection.

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“…Due to the previous reports on facilitation of bacterial biofilms by Candida spp. (Rodrigues et al, 2019;Phuengmaung et al, 2020;Luo et al, 2021), expression of several genes of S. epidermidis biofilms production was explored (Figures 4A-I). The synthesis pathway for PIA, a polymer of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-Glc-NAc) of S. epidermidis ECM, and the possible association with Candida, is demonstrated in Figure 4I.…”

Section: Staphylococcus Epidermidis Biofilms Possibly Through the Downregulation And Upregulation Of Genes For Biofilm Suppression And Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of Candida tropicalis on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms Facilitated Biofilm Production and Candida Dissemination: An Impact of Fungi on Bacterial Biofilms

Phuengmaung

Panpetch

Singkham-in

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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While Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is a common cause of infections in implanted prostheses and other indwelling devices, partly due to the biofilm formation, Candida tropicalis (CT) is an emerging Candida spp. with a potent biofilm-producing property. Due to the possible coexistence between SE and CT infection in the same patient, characteristics of the polymicrobial biofilms from both organisms might be different from those of the biofilms of each organism. Then, the exploration on biofilms, from SE with or without CT, and an evaluation on l-cysteine (an antibiofilm against both bacteria and fungi) were performed. As such, Candida incubation in preformed SE biofilms (SE > CT) produced higher biofilms than the single- (SE or CT) or mixed-organism (SE + CT) biofilms as determined by crystal violet staining and fluorescent confocal images with z-stack thickness analysis. In parallel, SE > CT biofilms demonstrated higher expression of icaB and icaC than other groups at 20 and 24 h of incubation, suggesting an enhanced matrix polymerization and transportation, respectively. Although organism burdens (culture method) from single-microbial biofilms (SE or CT) were higher than multi-organism biofilms (SE + CT and SE > CT), macrophage cytokine responses (TNF-α and IL-6) against SE > CT biofilms were higher than those in other groups in parallel to the profound biofilms in SE > CT. Additionally, sepsis severity in mice with subcutaneously implanted SE > CT catheters was more severe than in other groups as indicated by mortality rate, fungemia, serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and kidney and liver injury. Although CT grows upon preformed SE-biofilm production, the biofilm structures interfered during CT morphogenesis leading to the frailty of biofilm structure and resulting in the prominent candidemia. However, l-cysteine incubation together with the organisms in catheters reduced biofilms, microbial burdens, macrophage responses, and sepsis severity. In conclusion, SE > CT biofilms prominently induced biofilm matrix, fungemia, macrophage responses, and sepsis severity, whereas the microbial burdens were lower than in the single-organism biofilms. All biofilms were attenuated by l-cysteine.

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Targeting Candida albicans in dual-species biofilms with antifungal treatment reduces Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in vitro

Cited by 20 publications

References 58 publications

Polymicrobial biofilms of ocular bacteria and fungi on ex vivo human corneas

Polymicrobial biofilms of ocular bacteria and fungi on ex vivo human corneas

Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection

Presence of Candida tropicalis on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms Facilitated Biofilm Production and Candida Dissemination: An Impact of Fungi on Bacterial Biofilms

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