Targeted Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: A Precision Therapy Era

Abstract

Targeted therapy refers to exploiting the specific therapeutic drugs against the pathogenic molecules (a protein or a gene) or cells. The drug specifically binds to disease-causing molecules or cells without affecting normal tissue, thus enabling personalized and precision treatment. Initially, therapeutic drugs included antibodies and small molecules, (e.g. nucleic acid drugs). With the advancement of the biology technology and immunotherapy, the gene editing and cell editing techniques are utilized for the disease treatment. Currently, targeted therapies applied to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mainly include protein drugs, gene editing technologies, nucleic acid drugs and cell therapy. Although targeted therapy has demonstrated excellent efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical trials, several limitations need to be recognized and overcome in clinical application, (e.g. off-target events, gene mutations, etc.). This review introduces the mechanisms of different targeted therapies, and mainly describes the targeted therapy applied in the CVDs. Furthermore, we made comparative analysis to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of different targeted therapies. This overview is expected to provide a new concept to the treatment of the CVDs.

Deciphering the Basis of Molecular Biology of Selected Cardiovascular Diseases: A View on Network Medicine

“…Antibodies are defined as proteins that bind to epitopes on the surface of an antigen to elicit an immune reaction. As a targeted therapy for cardiovascular disease antibodies can be divided into monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and bispecific antibodies (bAbs) [ 110 ].…”

“…A gene-editing technology, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), has demonstrated huge benefits in cardiovascular targeted therapy. This technique can be used to correct mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), nonischemic cardiomyopathy through interfering with the phospholamban/Ca+ homeostasis as well as mutations that cause infiltration of the myocardium [ 110 ].…”

Editorial: Chronic inflammation and pharmacological interventions in cardiovascular diseases

“…Recently, molecular targeted therapies have been broadly applied to treat CVDs, which include protein and peptide drugs, nucleic acid drugs, and gene editing technologies ( Xu and Song, 2021 ). Apart from Chinese herbal medicine as stated above, the more targeted therapies including peptides have also been studied in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammation.…”

Current Trends in Nanotheranostics: A Concise Review on Bioimaging and Smart Wearable Technology

“…The scope of various therapeutic approaches towards physiological ailments has widened in recent times [1][2][3]. Conventional therapeutic models such as targeted drug delivery systems are now experiencing a paradigm shift by the technological advancements in disease prognosis and diagnosis [4][5][6]. The elevated standards of medical technology have brought revolution through smartphones and electronic health that is becoming inclusive to the conventional medical practice [7,8].…”