Targeted Proteomics Profiling for Biomarker Discovery in Glaucoma Using the Olink Proteomics Platform

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. In this study, we used Olink proteomics profiling to identify potential biomarkers for glaucoma. Aqueous humor samples were obtained from 44 cataract patients and 44 glaucoma patients. We identified 84 differentially expressed metabolic proteins between the glaucoma and the cataract group. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of these proteins in ER-associated degradation pathway, regulation of interleukin-13 production, and DNA damage response pathway. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis further revealed links to pathways, such as tyrosine and pyrimidine metabolism. Among these, ALDH1A1 emerged as a candidate with a significant diagnostic potential for glaucoma. ALDH1A1 also exhibited a prominent role in the protein–protein interaction network. Elevated levels of ALDH1A1 in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients were confirmed both in clinical samples and in an ischemia/reperfusion model. Functional assays confirmed that elevated ALDH1A1 induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in vitro and demonstrated its pro-apoptotic role in RGCs in vivo. Collectively, these findings not only underscore the significance of ALDH1A1 in glaucoma but also provide valuable insights into clinical decision-making and therapeutic strategies.