“…Pulsed waves, on the other hand, are expected to only increase cell membrane porosity, making these the least harmful and safest types of ultrasonic wave to use for gene transfection/transduction. Sonoporation -with the assistance of US contrast agents -has proven efficient in delivering genes/compounds to various tissues, such as the myocardium, kidneys, peritoneal cavity, pancreas, lungs, corneas, vertebrae, tumors (72), skeletal muscle (73), and also to synovia (72,74). In 2007, reports showed that plasmid DNA encoding luciferase was transduced into normal synovial tissue using sonoporation, confirming that the efficacy of transduction is significantly higher with a combination of sonoporation and microbubbles than with sonoporation alone (70).…”