Targeted Alpha Therapy and Nanocarrier Approach

Abstract

The rates of cancer incidence and mortality are increasing day by day. Although several conventional methods including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT) exist for cancer treatment, they are insufficient in the eradication of all tumor tissues and have some side-effects such as narrow therapeutic index and serious sideeffects to healthy tissues. Moreover, it may probably recur in time due to the survival and spreading of cancerous cells or any possible metastases. Targeted radionuclide therapy is a promising alternative. a particles are ideal for localized cell killing because of their high linear energy transfer and short ranges. However, upon emission of a particles, the daughter nuclides induce a recoil energy to lead decoupling from any chemical bond that may accumulate in normal tissues. Targeted a therapy can also be performed by targeted delivery systems apart from mAb, mAb fragments, peptides, and small molecules for selective tumor therapy. Targeted drug delivery systems have been developed to overcome the limitations of a therapy. Moreover, drug delivery systems are one of the most searched applications in cancer imaging and/or treatment due to their targeting ability to tumor or biocompatibility properties. The aim of this article is to summarize tumor therapy applications, targeted a RT approach, and to review the role of drug delivery systems in the delivery of a particles for cancer therapy and some instances of targeted a-emitting drug delivery systems from the literature.

Towards the stable chelation of radium for biomedical applications with an 18-membered macrocyclic ligand

“…In turn, signicant work has been directed towards the incorporation of this radionuclide into various nanoparticle constructs. 39,40 Doping of the Ra 2+ ion into solid-state nanoparticles, such as those of BaSO 4 , LaPO 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , hydroxyapatite, and nanozeolites, has been shown to be an effective means of stabilizing this radionuclide and altering its biodistribution properties. [41][42][43][44][45][46] However, the complementary use of molecularly-targeted constructs using a BFC would enable more possibilities for radiopharmaceutical optimization via appropriate chemical modications.…”

Radiopharmaceuticals in Modern Cancer Therapy

“…225 Ac labeled antibodies are being tested in advanced myeloid malignancy [8]. 225 Ac shows a potential appealing radionuclide for TAT, and post-therapy imaging of 225 Ac is possible, although images are also suboptimal 19,40,41]. The results of clinical trials using TAT indicate that this treatment strategy presents a promising alternative for targeted therapy of cancer [22].…”

“…Beta and alpha emitter particles are labeled with mAbs. However, alpha emitters have limitations in practice due to mostly very short half-life (Table 1) [41]. For optimal therapy, the residence time of RIT ranges from a few days to weeks, which reach optimal tumor-to-background ratios 2-4 days post-injection.…”

Drug Delivery by Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment

“…The toxicity of nanoparticles is also determined by their chemical composition and biodegradation. For example, liposomes are considered to be biocompatible systems due to their phospholipid and cholesterol structure [ 184 ], whereas toxic synthesis components, or by-products such as heavy metals, should be avoided [ 185 ]. In addition, the biodegradation process of nanoparticle material should not lead to toxic products.…”