Target Urinary Analytes for the Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Detection of Procyclidine and Benzhexol in Drug Abuse Cases

Abstract

The two antiparkinsonian drugs procyclidine and benzhexol are presently finding considerable favor for their euphoric hallucinogenic effects among drug abusers in some countries. In anticipation of their possible scheduling in national drug laws, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for their detection in urine will be required. However, because of uncertainty of the metabolic fate of the two drugs in humans, the urinary target analytes for GC-MS detection were not well defined. The problem was addressed in the present study in which it was found that mono-hydroxy metabolites, where hydroxylation took place at the cyclohexane ring in both drugs, could be endorsed as the major target analytes. The metabolites could only be detected as the mono- and/or di-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The predominance of either derivative depended on the temperature and time of heating with the derivatizing reagent. Because of the basic properties of the hydroxy metabolites, analytic method optimization was needed for their detection in urine included extraction under basic pH conditions. Urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase did not have an effect on the recovery of the metabolites, but was usually performed in search for other drugs. Because of the relative abundance of ions, the electron impact mass spectra of the mono-TMS derivatives and the chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra of the mono- and di-TMS derivatives of the hydroxy metabolites of both drugs were found to be more structurally informative. The CI mass spectra of the di- TMS derivatives have the additive advantage of being potentially useful for quantitative analysis.

Benzhexol (Artane) Abuse in an Iraqi Federal Prison in Kurdistan Region

“…The number of overdoses and intoxicated patients admitted to hospitals increased and Artane was among the most commonly misused drugs (15) . A study from France reveled misuse of Trihexyphenidyl in male youth who misused other substances too (16) .The problem of Benzhexol abuse for their hallucinogenic and euphoric effect made the forensic toxicology laboratories in UAE to find ways of detecting this drug with Procyclidine in urine (17) .…”