“…So far, LSPs have been used to enhance the emission of dyes, 17,19,21,22 rare earth elements, 23–28 quantum dots (QDs), 14,29–43 carbon dots, 36,38 carbon nanotubes, 44 gold nanoclusters 45,46 and even upconversion fluorophores. 33,47,48 And this enhanced fluorescence has already been extensively applied in environmental analysis, 45,48–64 tip-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy, 65 biotechnology 66 (including fluorescence imaging, 67–71 DNA mismatch investigation, 72,73 immunoassays, 26,74–80 bioassays, 28,38,42,81–100 and investigation of biological mechanisms 67,101–103 ), biomedical analysis (virus and bacteria detection 43,104 and clinical diagnosis 105,106 ) and so on. Characteristics and applications of MEF have been summarized in Table 1 .…”