Target position and velocity: The stimuli for smooth pursuit eye movements

Pola, Jordan; Wyatt, Harry J.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(80)90127-3

Cited by 108 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The absence of a Simon effect to the direction of smooth motion and its presence for target position were taken as evidence for the view that attentional shifts and the subsequent planning of saccadic eye movements are necessary to produce a Simon effect (e.g., Umiltà & Nicoletti, 1992). Attentional shifts, so it was argued, did not occur with smooth stimulus motion that usually elicits pursuit eye movements, not saccades (Pola & Wyatt, 1980;Westheimer, 1954). Corroborating evidence in favor of this interpretation comes from a study in which small-scale motion failed to automatically attract attention to single items of a visual search display (Hillstrom & Yantis, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simon effect induced by induced motion and location: Evidence for a direct linkage of cognitive and motor maps

Kerzel¹,

Hommel

Bekkering³

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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It has been argued that two distinct maps of visual space are formed: a cognitive map that is susceptible to illusions, and a motor map that represents the physical world veridically. In the present study, subjects responded to a nonspatial attribute of a visual target stimulus by pressing a left or right key, while an illusory horizontal displacement of the target was induced. A Simon-type effect was obtained to the induced target motion or position shift-that is, responses were faster when the illusory target motion or location corresponded to the response position. Further experiments indicated that the observed effects cannot be accounted for by attentional shifts. These results suggest that the content of the cognitive map does not only influence perceptual judgments but is also responsible for the automatic activation of response codes. In other words, perception and action seem to be fed by a common, cognitively penetrable, spatial representation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simon effect induced by induced motion and location: Evidence for a direct linkage of cognitive and motor maps

Kerzel¹,

Hommel

Bekkering³

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Mack et al (1979) failed to find any oculomotor effect of a four-point frame moving around a stationary, fixated target. Pola & Wyatt (1980) performed experiments in which a central target was stabilized on the fovea. An oscillating, surrounding frame induced smooth eye movements, more or less in counterphase with the frame movement, while the subject attended to the stabilized target (Pola & Wyatt, 1980); the latter did not of course, generate image slip opposing the eye movements.…”

Section: Fo Veal and Eccentric Control Of Eye Mo Vementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pola & Wyatt (1980) performed experiments in which a central target was stabilized on the fovea. An oscillating, surrounding frame induced smooth eye movements, more or less in counterphase with the frame movement, while the subject attended to the stabilized target (Pola & Wyatt, 1980); the latter did not of course, generate image slip opposing the eye movements. Similarly, open-loop pursuit of imposed retinal motion of a stabilized target was found to be enhanced by counterphase motion of a frame (Wyatt & Pola, 1979 Our results do not confirm the entirely negative findings by Mack and coworkers (Mack et al 1979(Mack et al , 1982, but neither do they clearly support pursuit of illusory, perceived motion.…”

Section: Fo Veal and Eccentric Control Of Eye Mo Vementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such conditions induce illusory perceived motion of the central target (Duncker, 1929), but the occurrence of concomitant eye movements has been subject to controversy (Mack, Fendrich & Pleune, 1979;Wyatt & Pola, 1979;Pola & Wyatt, 1980;Mack, Fendrich & Wong, 1982). In some of these earlier studies a foveally stabilized target has been used; therefore we used stationary as well as stabilized target conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human fixation and pursuit in normal and open‐loop conditions: effects of central and peripheral retinal targets.

Collewijn¹,

Tamminga²

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Eye movements were recorded precisely with a scleral-coil method under three experimental conditions: (a) fixation of a central, stationary target; (b) pursuit of a central, moving target; (c) pursuit of eccentric, moving targets. Subjects were instructed to attend to and fixate the target and to pursue it when it moved.2. The target was presented either in darkness (no visible background), on a diffusely lighted background, or on a large, structured background. Target and/or background could be moved independently with single sinusoids, pseudo-random mixtures of sinusoids or triangular waves.3. The target was usually presented under normal viewing conditions, but in some measurements (interleaved with normal ones) retinal target motion was uncoupled from eye motion by electronical addition of the eye position to the target position (open-loop conditions).4. The gain and phase relations of eye movements induced by motion of the target and/or background were calculated for the total, composite (smooth and saccadic) eye movement and for the reconstructed cumulative smooth component separately.5. Horizontal motion of a large, structured background induced correlated smooth eye movements while subjects fixated a stationary point target. The induced horizontal movements were very small (gain about 0'05) when the target was seen normally, and larger (gain about 0 20) when the target was horizontally stabilized on the retina. The phase lag of the induced eye movements relative to the background movements was usually smaller than 90 deg.6. When the target moved vertically and the background horizontally, vertical pursuit was similar to that with a stationary background, but in addition horizontal smooth eye movements, correlated with the background movements, were elicited with a gain of about 0-1 and a phase lag which was usually smaller than 90 deg.7. Imposed pseudo-random retinal motion of a central target under open-loop conditions (retinal image motion uncoupled from eye movements) elicited highly idiosyncratic responses which varied too much among subjects to allow any general conclusions, other than that open-loop stimulation seems unsuitable as a tool for analyzing the response characteristics of the smooth pursuit system. 8. In the absence of a background, an eccentric target configuration (two vertically H. COLLEWIJN AND E. P. TAMMINGA aligned arrows with the points localized 5 deg above and 5 deg below the fovea) in horizontal motion was pursued equally well as a central target. A stationary, structured background (extending also through the foveal area) inhibited eccentric smooth pursuit strongly for targets moving at constant velocities below 5 deg/s, and moderately (gain decreased by 0113-024) for other types of target motion.9. It is concluded that, in agreement with previous, complementary work , foveal fixation and smooth pursuit of a distinct target are slightly degraded (by 5-10%) due to relative motion of a background. Eccentric targets can be pursued very well in the absence of conflicting...

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“…The neurophysiological and anatomical substrate of smooth pursuit has been extensively investigated in recent years and involves multiple areas within the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres (Fukushima 2003;Ilg 2002;Krauzlis 2004Krauzlis , 2005Thier and Ilg 2005). The main stimulus to smooth pursuit is motion of images on the retina (retinalvelocity errors or retinal-slip velocity) (Dodge 1919;Rashbass 1961), but retinal-position errors also can elicit and modify smooth pursuit both in humans (Carl and Gellman 1987;Pola and Wyatt 1980;Wyatt and Pola 1981) and in monkeys (Krauzlis and Miles 1996;Morris and Lisberger 1987). Rashbass (1961) showed that the saccade system can take into account the speed as well as the eccentric position of the target and thus calculate whether a saccade is actually going to be needed based on the original position error.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pursuit Responses to Target Steps During Ongoing Tracking

Tarnutzer

Ramat

Straumann

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Brief smooth eye-velocity responses to target position steps have been reported during smooth pursuit. We investigated position-error responses in eight healthy human subjects, comparing the effects of a step–ramp change in target position when imposed on steady-state smooth pursuit, vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) slow phases, or fixation. During steady-state pursuit or VOR, the target performed a step–ramp movement in the same or in the opposite direction relative to ongoing eye movements. When the step was directed backward relative to steady-state smooth pursuit, eye velocity transiently decreased (1.3 ± 0.4°/s; average peak change in amplitude ± SD), beginning about 100 ms after the step. The amplitude of position-error responses varied inversely with the step size. In contrast, there was little or no response in trials with forward steps during steady-state smooth pursuit, when step–ramps were imposed on VOR or when smooth pursuit began from fixation. We hypothesize that during ongoing smooth tracking when a sudden shift in target position is detected the pursuit system compares the direction of ongoing eye velocity with the relative positional error on the retina. In the case of different relative directions between ongoing tracking and a new target eccentricity, a position-error response toward the new target is initiated. Such a mechanism might help the smooth pursuit system to respond better to changes in target direction. These experimental findings were simulated by a mathematical model of smooth pursuit by implementing direction-dependent behavior with a position-error gating mechanism.

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Target position and velocity: The stimuli for smooth pursuit eye movements

Cited by 108 publications

References 18 publications

A Simon effect induced by induced motion and location: Evidence for a direct linkage of cognitive and motor maps

A Simon effect induced by induced motion and location: Evidence for a direct linkage of cognitive and motor maps

Human fixation and pursuit in normal and open‐loop conditions: effects of central and peripheral retinal targets.

Pursuit Responses to Target Steps During Ongoing Tracking

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