Target‐derived molecules that influence the development of neurons in the avian ciliary ganglion

Nishi, Rae

doi:10.1002/neu.480250604

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…Chick lumbar sympathetic ganglion neurones were isolated as described previously (Wisgirda & Dryer, 1993Raucher & Dryer, 1994 Hamburger & Hamilton (1951) and lumbar sympathetic ganglia were obtained on embryonic days 7-20 (E7-20 (GPA) and is an avian member of the ciliary neurotrophic factor family (Nishi, 1994 Raucher & Dryer (1994) and Role (1988). Briefly, ventricles were removed from decapitated E4 chick embryos and incubated in divalent cation-free saline containing 0.5 mg ml-' collagenase for 20 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target‐derived factors regulate the expression of Ca(2+)‐activated K+ currents in developing chick sympathetic neurones.

Raucher

Dryer

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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1. The functional expression of CaP-activated K+ currents (IK(Ca)) and voltage-activated Ca2+ currents (ICa) was examined using whole-cell recordings from chick lumbar sympathetic neurones developing in situ and under various conditions in vitro.2. Macroscopic IK(ca) was expressed at low current density (<0 01 mA cm-2) in neurones isolated at embryonic days 9-16 (E9-16). IK(ca) was expressed at high densities (>0 04 mA cm-2) at El 7-19. By contrast, there was no significant difference in ICa density between sympathetic neurones isolated at E13 and E18. 3. When sympathetic neurones were isolated at E13 and maintained in vitro for 5 days, IK (Ca) was expressed at a significantly lower density (< 0 01 mA cm-2) than in neurones isolated acutely at E18 (>0 04 mA cm-2). There was no difference in ICa density between neurones that developed in vitro and in situ. 4. When El 3 sympathetic neurones were cultured for 5 days in the presence of a confluent layer of ventricular myocytes, they expressed IK(Ca) at a high density (>0 04 mA cm-2), similar to that of E18 neurones that developed entirely in situ. Cardiac cell-conditioned medium produced similar effects. However, co-culture of sympathetic neurones with spinal cord explants did not allow for normal IK(ca) expression in vitro. 5. Culturing sympathetic neurones in the presence of 5 ng ml-' nerve growth factor (NGF) caused a significant increase in IK(ca) density but this effect was only seen in 50% of cells examined.6. The largest developmental changes in macroscopic IK(ca) occur several days after other K+ currents and ICa are expressed at maximal density. The normal developmental expression of IK(Ca) is dependent upon extrinsic factors, including target-derived differentiation factors. Different populations of neurones express differentensembles of voltage-and Ca2+-activated ion channels.Differences in the expression of ion channels have important functional consequences as they allow neurones to express a specific electrophysiological phenotype suitable for the appropriate processing of information. Moreover, ion channels play an important role in the development and differentiation of vertebrate neurones, including regulation of the dependence of neurones on neurotrophic factors, neurite outgrowth and guidance, and the expression of neurotransmitters and their metabolic enzymes (reviewed by Spitzer, 1991;Spitzer, Gu & Olson, 1994 Spitzer, 1991;Ribera & Spitzer, 1992). Instead, the various ion channels appear gradually at developmental stages, and in a sequence, specific for a given cell type. In many populations of vertebrate neurones, those ion channels that produce subtle effects on action potential waveform and in the patterns of action potential discharge are expressed later than those channels that are essential for the minimal manifestation of

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target‐derived factors regulate the expression of Ca(2+)‐activated K+ currents in developing chick sympathetic neurones.

Raucher

Dryer

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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“…2 In culture all embryonic ciliary neurons are rescued by a select group of CNTF-like neurotrophic factors but not by members of the neurotrophin family (20,22). Also, CNTF has trophic activities for motor, sensory, sympathetic, and hippocampal neurons, regulates acetylcholine receptors on autonomic neurons, and regulates neurotransmitter expression in cultured sympathetic and central nervous system neurons (23-29).…”

Section: Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (Cntf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They represent a well characterized population of cholinergic neurons of which one-half of the neurons die during a period of cell death between the embryonic day 8 and 13 (21). This neuronal death is target-sensitive and coincides temporally with the formation of functional synapses within the target (21) with an increase in expression of GPA in the developing eye (22) and of CNTF receptor ␣ subunit mRNA in ciliary ganglia.2 In culture all embryonic ciliary neurons are rescued by a select group of CNTF-like neurotrophic factors but not by members of the neurotrophin family (20,22). Also, CNTF has trophic activities for motor, sensory, sympathetic, and hippocampal neurons, regulates acetylcholine receptors on autonomic neurons, and regulates neurotransmitter expression in cultured sympathetic and central nervous system neurons (23-29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Stimulates the Phosphorylation of Two Forms of STAT3 in Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Wishingrad¹,

Koshlukova²,

Halvorsen

1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neuropoietic cytokine that was identified, purified, and cloned based on its neurotrophic activity on cultured chick ciliary ganglion neurons. The molecular mechanisms by which CNTF elicits its effects on these neurons are unknown. We have previously identified functional receptors for CNTF on ciliary ganglion neurons and demonstrated the CNTF-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of an approximately 90-kDa protein. Here we show that CNTF induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of this protein and identify it as an avian form of the transcription factor, STAT3. Identification was confirmed by its recognition with two distinct anti-STAT3 antibodies and the lack of binding to antibodies against STAT1, -2, -4, -5, or -6. The phosphorylation was stable for up to 2 h but required the continued presence of CNTF. CNTF also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a similar protein in cultured chick dorsal root ganglion and retinal neurons. In addition, we identify a second, 100-kDa form of STAT3 that appears in response to CNTF. Unlike previous reports, utilizing mammalian cell lines that detected a slower migrating form of STAT3 resulting from H7-sensitive protein phosphorylation, H7 did not prevent the appearance of the 100-kDa form in ciliary neurons. Thus, the 100-kDa avian protein may represent a novel form of CNTF-inducible STAT3. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)1 is a cytokine that shows activity toward a variety of cell types in the nervous system. However, the molecular mechanisms for these effects have not been clearly elucidated in defined neuronal populations. CNTF belongs to a family of neuropoietic cytokines, which display a high degree of redundancy in their biological activities, have structural similarity, share receptor subunits and signal transduction pathways, and yet are capable of generating unique cellular responses as well (1, 2). The known receptor complexes for CNTF, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, cardiotrophin-1, and interleukin-6 and -11, include gp130 as a ␤-receptor component, and all except interleukin-6 and -11 share the leukemia inhibitory factor ␤-receptor component (3-7). CNTF and interleukin-6 and -11 also utilize unique ligand-binding ␣ subunits (1,8,9). Receptor activation by CNTF-related cytokines results in dimerization of the ␤-receptor components and activation of receptor-associated tyrosine kinases of the Jak family. Jaks or other cytoplasmic kinases phosphorylate tyrosine on the cytokine receptor components that selectively bind cytoplasmic transcription factors of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family (10). In this model, established primarily from cell lines, STAT proteins are directly tyrosine-phosphorylated by Jaks and then dimerize and translocate to the cell nucleus and regulate gene transcription (11-13). There are at least six members of the STAT family, and the selection and activation of a particular STAT is dependent on receptor substrate-specifying motifs (1...

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“…This observation suggests that s-laminin (or another LRE-bearing ligand) might be present on the pathways that lead from the CG to the eye, and play a role in the processes by which ciliary and choroid neurons choose different extraocular or intraocular pathways. The accessibility of the chick embryo in general and of the CG in particular (Landmesser and Pilar, 1978;Nishi, 1994) should facilitate tests of these possibilities in ovo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Distinct adhesive properties of ciliary and choroid neurons from the avian ciliary ganglion

Porter

Sanes

1995

J. Neurobiol.

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The avian ciliary ganglion (CG) contains two populations of neurons: ciliary neurons, which innervate striated muscle, and choroid neurons, which innervate vascular smooth muscle. We used cell size (ciliary cells are larger) and somatostatin immunoreactivity (which is restricted to choroid cells) as markers to compare the adhesive properties of these two neuronal types. Similar numbers of freshly dissociated embryonic chick ciliary and choroid neurons adhered to laminin (laminin 1) and polylysine, consistent with the fact that each population comprises about half of the ganglionic neurons. In contrast, severalfold more ciliary neurons than choroid neurons adhered to a recombinant fragment of a synapsespecific basal lamina protein, s-laminin/laminin beta 2. Moreover, severalfold more ciliary neurons than choroid neurons adhered to a plastic surface when assayed by the method of Needels et al. in serum-free medium. Adhesion to s-laminin and plastic appears to be mediated by different cell surface components, as adhesion to recombinant s-laminin is inhibited by the tripeptide, LRE, and by Ca2+ ions, but not by heparin, whereas adhesion to plastic is LRE and Ca2+ insensitive but heparin sensitive. Both adhesive differences are apparent at embryonic day 8, soon after the ciliary and choroid neurons have begun to form synapses. Thus, two sets of neurons in the CG that send axons through different nerves and innervate different targets also show distinct adhesive behaviors.

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Target‐derived molecules that influence the development of neurons in the avian ciliary ganglion

Cited by 35 publications

References 51 publications

Target‐derived factors regulate the expression of Ca(2+)‐activated K+ currents in developing chick sympathetic neurones.

Target‐derived factors regulate the expression of Ca(2+)‐activated K+ currents in developing chick sympathetic neurones.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Stimulates the Phosphorylation of Two Forms of STAT3 in Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Distinct adhesive properties of ciliary and choroid neurons from the avian ciliary ganglion

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