TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs)

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology in underwater communication because of its potential to monitor underwater activities. IoT devices enable a variety of applications such as submarine and navy defense systems, pre-disaster prevention, and gas/oil exploration in deep and shallow water. The IoT devices have limited power due to their size. Many routing protocols have been proposed in applications, as mentioned above, in different aspects, but timely action and energy make these a challenging task for marine research. Therefore, this research presents a routing technique with three sub-sections, Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER): Layer-Based Adjustment (LBA-TANVEER), Data Packet Delivery (DPD-TANVEER), and Binary Inter Nodes (BIN-TANVEER). In TANVEER, the path is selected between the source node and sonobuoys by computing the angle three times with horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions by using the nearest vector-based approach to avoid the empty nodes/region. In order to deploy the nodes, the LBA-TANVEER is used. Furthermore, for successful data delivery, the DPD-TANVEER is responsible for bypassing any empty nodes/region occurrence. BIN-TANVEER works with new watchman nodes that play an essential role in the path/data shifting mechanism. Moreover, achievable empty regions are also calculated by linear programming to minimize energy consumption and throughput maximization. Different evaluation parameters perform extensive simulation, and the coverage area of the proposed scheme is also presented. The simulated results show that the proposed technique outperforms the compared baseline scheme layer-by-layer angle-based flooding (L2-ABF) in terms of energy, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and a fraction of empty regions.

Trust-Based Beacon Node Localization Algorithm for Underwater Networks by Exploiting Nature Inspired Meta-Heuristic Strategies

“…The BFA is a global metaheuristic method inspired by the genetic processes of live beings and based on evolutionary programming to solve the problem described in the preceding section. In comparison to mathematical methods, the BFA uses fewer processing resources, fewer limitations, and uses fewer parameters to solve optimization issues taken from [34] and described in Equations ( 16) and (17), respectively. + θ(i, b) − 1) 2 (16) where θi is calculated using Equation ( 17):…”

ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)

“…Another routing technique called TANVEER, with its three sub-sections, LBA-TANVEER, DPD-TANVEER, and BIN-TANVEER, experimented with IoUTs [ 22 ]. These schemes are based on triangular calculations to bypass empty regions and follow the smooth route towards destinations.…”

“…In this section, we evaluate the performance of ROBINA against different state-of-the-art routing protocols like EBER 2 [ 14 ], AEDG [ 13 ], ASEDG [ 11 ], WDFAD-DBR [ 15 ], AVH-AHH-VBF [ 9 ], and TANVEER [ 22 ]. The parameters were average end-to-end delay, network lifetime, total energy consumption, and packet success ratio.…”

“…It is evident from Figure 13 that the comparison between DPD-TANVEER (which is a sub-variant of TANVEER for delivery of data Packet, see [ 22 ]) and the sub-variant of our proposed approach PA-ROBINA (which is used for enhancing the node length to cover the maximum of relay nodes and I AFN ) is represented. With time intervals, the performance of the network including the number of dead nodes was plotting.…”

“…From Figure 17 , the performance of PL-ROBINA is satisfactory as evidenced by its large number of packets transmitted due to the non-loss of the path between two connected devices; BIN-TANVEER cannot handle a large amount of data, as the Binary Inter Nodes (BIN’s) are not functional enough and supported with this kind of situation. It is only built on purpose in TANVEER, and as mentioned in [ 22 ], the packet success ratio achieved 94% of ROBINA and AVH-AHH-VBF. In addition, the WDFAD-DBR has the least ratio, which is only 62%.…”