Tangle the Blockchain: Toward IOTA and Blockchain Integration for IoT Environment

Hellani, Hussein; Sliman, Layth; Hassine, Motaz Ben; Samhat, Abed Ellatif; Expósito, Ernesto; Kmimech, Mourad

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49336-3_42

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…We raise the flag of the typical supply chain so that decentralization is the crucial answer [59,60], taking into account the diversity of the IoT devices to exempt the weak devices from being charged with heavy tasks. This study is to attain the maximum benefit and advantages from the current DLT and IoT technologies without paying high workload taxes from the peripheral device's resources.…”

Section: -3-typical Supply Chain Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Off-chain is an exit to benefit from the Blockchain features while the data are processed and stored outside the Blockchain ledger [59]. In this case, Blockchain is responsible for monitoring the overall Tx processes by storing hashed Tx values inside its ledger [60]. Besides, smart contracts can be implemented inside the Blockchain for off-chain services.…”

Section: A Off-chain Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, running Blockchain on top of cloud services and edge computing peripherals solves the security and privacy issues throughout the immutable, transparent, and reliable ledger. Besides, cloud plays the role of the big shared extendable storage of the Blockchain instead of relying on the users' devices [68,60]. The successful implementation of edge computing servers [67] for a supply chain empowers the IoT devices to exchange data quickly and with minimum latency.…”

Section: Blockchain As a Service (Baas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waltonchain [52] Sharding Vechain [94](Reed-Solomon algorithm), ProductChain [97] DAG ZERO Defects [89], Trade-Markea [98] Cloud-based FarmTrust [87] Transaction format Vechain [94] IoT enhancement WaltonChain [52], Ambrosus [95], Modum [96] Private/Consortium Blockchain ProductChain [97] Multiple System Side-chain Waltonchain [52] Hybrid Blockchain Modum [96] Multiple Blockchain Public/Private WaltonChain [52] , BlockGrain [88], Blockverify [90], Everledger [93] Off-chain IPFS Ambrosus [95] ODN OriginTrail [60] External Storage ProductChain [97] PostgreSQL Modum [96] BigChainDB Feng [99] Application Web interface Devery [81], Bext360 [84], Modum [96] Scalability is the most crucial requirement of the supply chain metrics that significantly impact the user's Quality of Experience (QoE). It is affected mainly by maximum throughput (transaction speed), data size, and Tx cost metrics illustrated in Table 3 of section 4.…”

Section: Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools

et al. 2021

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Modern IT technologies shaped the shift in economic models with many advantages on cost, optimization, and time to market. This economic shift has increased the need for transparency and traceability in supply chain platforms to achieve trust among partners. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is proposed to enable supply chains systems with trust requirements. In this paper, we investigate the existing DLT-based supply chain projects to show their technical part and limitations and extract the tools and techniques used to avoid the DLT scalability issue. We then set the requirements for a typical DLT-based supply chain in this context. The analyses are based on the scalability metrics such as computing, data storage, and transaction fees that fit the typical supply chain system. This paper highlights the effects of Blockchain techniques on scalability and their incorporation in supply chains systems. It also presents other existing solutions that can be applied to the supply chain. The investigation shows the necessity of having such tools in supply chains and developing them to achieve an efficient and scalable system. The paper calls for further scalability enhancements throughout introducing new tools and/or reutilize the current ones. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-04 Full Text: PDF

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Section: -3-typical Supply Chain Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Off-chain Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blockchain As a Service (Baas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools

et al. 2021

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“…Besides, another DLT platform named IOTA is introduced to tackle the proliferation of IoT devices. IOTA [ 8 , 9 ] is a DLT solution primarily designed to respond to the massive IoT requirements. It is based on directed acyclic graph (DAG) with a specific ledger structure named “Tangle”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes

Hellani

Sliman

Samhat

et al. 2021

Sensors

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IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform proposed for the internet of things (IoT) systems in order to tackle the limitations of Blockchain in terms of latency, scalability, and transaction cost. The main concepts used in IOTA to reach this objective are a directed acyclic graph (DAG) based ledger, called Tangle, used instead of the chain of blocks, and a new validation mechanism that, instead of relying on the miners as it is the case in Blockchain, relies on participating nodes that cooperate to validate the new transactions. Due to the different IoT capabilities, IOTA classifies these devices into full and light nodes. The light nodes are nodes with low computing resources which seek full nodes’ help to validate and attach its transaction to the Tangle. The light nodes are manually connected to the full nodes by using the full node IP address or the IOTA client load balancer. This task distribution method overcharges the active full nodes and, thus, reduces the platform’s performance. In this paper, we introduce an efficient mechanism to distribute the tasks fairly among full nodes and hence achieve load balancing. To do so, we consider the task allocation between the nodes by introducing an enhanced resource allocation scheme based on the weight least connection algorithm (WLC). To assess its performance, we investigate and test different implementation scenarios. The results show an improved balancing of data traffic among full nodes based on their weights and number of active connections.

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Threat Modelling of IoT Systems Using Distributed Ledger Technologies and IOTA

Damianou

Khan

Angelopoulos

et al. 2021

2021 17th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)

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Internet of Things has emerged as a key technological enabler for broader socio-technical and socio-economic paradigms, such as smart cities and Circular Economy. However, IoT systems are characterised by constraints and limitations which in order to be overcome they need to be deployed in conjunction and in synergy with other emerging ICT. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) can help overcome challenges pertaining to data immutability, timeliness and security. However, the use of DLT does not satisfactorily mitigate security risks and vulnerabilities per se and currently cybersecurity aspects of IoT systems are addressed in a fragmented way. Furthermore, the conflict between the resource demanding Blockchains and the highly constrained nature of IoT devices hinders implementation efforts of corresponding systems. We consider networked systems that comprise both IoT and DLT technologies via the prism of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). We elicit a three-tier threat model identifying attack vectors at the Device, the Network and the DLT layers. The identified attacks are then ranked by using the DREAD ranking scheme. The use of the threat model is demonstrated on a novel proof-of-concept IoT networked system implemented using the IOTA Tangle distributed ledger, where it helps to critically appraise the design of the system against the most critical attacks. Furthermore, the developed system is among the first in the literature to demonstrate the synergy of IoT and DLT on actual constrained embedded devices. The performance evaluation provides insights showing that such systems can be efficient and suitable for real-life deployment.

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Tangle the Blockchain: Toward IOTA and Blockchain Integration for IoT Environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools

Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools

Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes

Threat Modelling of IoT Systems Using Distributed Ledger Technologies and IOTA

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