Tamm Review: Selection system reduces long-term volume growth in Fennoscandic uneven-aged Norway spruce forests

Lundqvist, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.011

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…On the other hand, basal area and standing volume are more comparable (Figure 2). Growth rate is smaller than generally reported for comparative fertilities in nonstationary forestry (Figure 4) [7,11,14,17,[45][46][47][48]. These observations are directly due to Equations (3)- (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

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Stationary Forestry with Human Interference

Kärenlampi

2018

Sustainability

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Here, we present stationarity criteria for forest stands and establish ecological embodiments using an empirical stand development model. We introduced human interference in terms of diameter-limit cutting. Financial sustainability was investigated as a function of the cutting limit diameter. It was found that nonoperative capitalization along with its appreciation rate dictates the sustainability of management practices. In the absence of nonoperative capitalization, stationary forestry produces high capital return rates at a rather small volume of growing trees. In the case of large but constant nonoperative capitalization, a large operative capitalization resulting in a large harvesting yield provides the best capital returns. A high nonoperative appreciation rate requires a small volume of growing trees.corresponding to the financial return of the bound capital. However, when only harvesting dying trees, the volumetric yield is small. Introducing diameter-limit cutting, in addition to removal of dying trees, produces another stationary system, now with human interference. The effect of capitalization on the financial return is investigated with a variety of cutting-limit diameters.Nonoperative capitalization due to excess demand for real estate, recreational values, speculation for future real estate values, etc., may well evolve over time. In the final section of this paper, we discuss the effect of the eventual appreciation of the nonoperative capitalization on the financial return in stationary forestry. Methods Stationary Stand of Forest TreesA stationary structure requires stationary distributions of population properties. Let us define stationary conditions on the basis of three processes of diameter ingrowth, diameter outgrowth, and mortality. The process of outgrowth obviously must be related to ingrowth into another group. The size distribution of trees can be stationary only if the number of individuals involved in the three processes sums up to zero. Consequently, a stationarity condition is Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The amount of trees in the stationary forest, in terms of number of individuals (Figure 1), appears rather small in comparison to nonstationary forest systems [7,11,14,17,45,46]. On the other hand, basal area and standing volume are more comparable (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Stationary Forestry with Human Interference

Kärenlampi

2018

Sustainability

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“…The number of trees in a natural stationary forest appears small in comparison to non-stationary forest ecosystems (Figs. 1, 7;Pukkala 2006;Tahvonen 2011;Rämö and Tahvonen 2015;Lundqvist 2017;Sinha et al 2017;Valkonen et al 2017). The growth rate is less than that reported for comparative sites in non-stationary forests (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Spruce forest stands in a stationary state

Kärenlampi

2019

J. For. Res.

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We present stationarity criteria for forest stands, and establish embodiments using a Norwegian empirical stand development model. The natural stationary states only slightly differ from the outcome of long-term simulations previously implemented using the same empirical model. Human interference in terms of diameter-limit cutting is introduced. Consequently, stationary states differing from the natural one appear. Standing volume, growth and monetary value appear low but the financial return rate may be significant. Volume yield and financial return clearly contradict each other, the former arising from harvesting large trees, the latter from frequent removal of small trees. An exponential tree size distribution does not appear to comply with the stationarity criterion.

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“…In northern Europe, however, data about the effect of uneven-aged forestry on soil carbon dynamics is sparse because most forests are managed following even-aged silviculture. In a recent review, Lundqvist (2017) concluded that selection cuttings have somewhat reduced the volume growth of Norway spruce stands in Fenno-Scandia if compared with even-aged stands, but similar comprehensive comparisons have not been carried out on carbon sequestration. However, Nilsen & Strand (2013) analysed data from an 81-year long comparative experiment of Norway spruce management in Norway to assess the effect of management on the carbon sequestration in the stands, finding that the even-aged stand contained more carbon both in the vegetation and soil than the uneven-aged stand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Litter production is important for soil carbon accumulation, and it largely depends on the amount of stand biomass and its allocation to foliage and fine roots that have the fastest turnover rates. This will likely vary between even-aged and uneven-aged stands (Nilsen & Strand 2013, Lundqvist 2017). An important factor that may be causing differences in litter decomposition is the more open stand structure of uneven-aged stands, typically consisting of closed-canopy and gap patches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil CO2 efflux in uneven-aged and even-aged Norway spruce stands in southern Finland

Kumpu¹,

Mäkelä²,

Pumpanen³

et al. 2018

iForest

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Even-aged forests usually act as carbon sinks during most of their rotation. However, after clearcut they become sources of carbon for a period of several years. Applying uneven-aged forest management with selective cuttings will maintain tree cover and reduce the environmental impact on forest floor. The aim of this study was to compare the soil CO2 efflux between uneven-aged and even-aged Norway spruce stands with similar site properties, to investigate the effect of management practices on soil CO2 efflux and its possible correlation with soil environmental and chemical properties. We measured soil CO2 efflux in even-and uneven-aged Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) in southern Finland during the summer of 2013 using closed chamber method on fixed measuring points. The study included two uneven-aged stands and two even-aged stands (a clearcut site and a mature even-aged stand). Soil moisture and soil temperature were measured at the same time as soil CO2 efflux. Soil cores were collected from the topsoil of each study plot to determine soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Mean soil CO2 efflux through the summer was highest in the clearcut plot (0.367 mg m -2 s -1 ) followed by the uneven-aged stands (0.298 and 0.257 mg m -2 s -1 , respectively) and the smallest fluxes were measured in the mature even-aged stand (0.224 mg m -2 s -1 ). There was no statistically significant difference in soil CO2 efflux between the evenand uneven-aged stands of the same site fertility. Even-and uneven-aged stands did not differ significantly in soil moisture or soil temperature. Soil CO 2 efflux increased steadily with soil temperature, whereas increasing soil moisture considerably increased soil CO2 efflux at lower moisture levels but only moderately at higher soil moisture levels. Soil carbon and nitrogen concentration did not differ between the study plots of the same fertility. Uneven-aged structure forestry did not prevent the increase in soil CO2 efflux after cuttings. However, the large variation in soil CO2 efflux rates within the uneven-aged stands suggests that the stand level CO2 efflux can be controlled with the intensity of the cutting. Keywords: Uneven-aged Forest Structure, Even-aged Forest Structure, Soil CO2 Efflux © SISEF http://iforest.sisef.org/ 705 iForest 11: 705-712 Citation: Kumpu A, Mäkelä A, Pumpanen J, Saarinen J, Berninger F (2018). Soil CO2 efflux in uneven-aged and even-aged Norway spruce stands in southern Finland. iForest 11: 705-712. -

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Tamm Review: Selection system reduces long-term volume growth in Fennoscandic uneven-aged Norway spruce forests

Cited by 59 publications

References 52 publications

Stationary Forestry with Human Interference

Stationary Forestry with Human Interference

Spruce forest stands in a stationary state

Soil CO2 efflux in uneven-aged and even-aged Norway spruce stands in southern Finland

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