Tallow Biodiesel: Properties Evaluation and Consumption Tests in a Diesel Engine

Abstract

Biodiesel is a biodegradable and alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. The methyl esters are produced from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with alcohol in the presence of an acid or a basic catalyst. In this work, biodiesel was obtained by a transesterification reaction of bovine fat with methanol using KOH as a catalyst. The raw material and the biodiesel were characterized by their composition in fatty acids. Blends of diesel/biodiesel were produced in several concentrations and were assessed in relation to some combustible properties, according to the ASTM standards. The blends diesel/biodiesel and biodiesel (B100) were also compared with diesel through consumption tests in a diesel engine used for energy generation. All tests demonstrated that biodiesel and its formulations with diesel can present similar results, or sometimes better results, to those of mineral diesel.

Uso da cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC×GC) na caracterização de misturas biodiesel/diesel: aplicação ao biodiesel de sebo bovino

“…10,11,32 As amostras de diesel foram gentilmente cedidas pelo Laboratório de Combustíveis do Instituto de Química da UFRGS (LABCOM) e foram obtidas numa faixa de destilação entre 137,6 e 400,1 ºC. Usou-se KOH e H 3 PO 4 grau industrial, com 85% de pureza (Quimicamar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil).…”

“…[5][6][7][8][9] O biodiesel é produzido a partir de óleos vegetais e/ou gorduras animais, ambos puros ou residuais, através da reação de transesterificação ou esterificação catalítica com álcool de baixa massa molecular. [10][11][12][13][14] O biodiesel não apresenta em sua composição compostos como enxofre, hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, metais ou resíduos de óleo bruto, porém apresenta propriedades que podem melhorar o perfil de emissões de poluentes.…”

“…Entretanto, para uso próprio, e baseado em testes já descritos na literatura, podem ser usados teores maiores de biodiesel, sem danos representativos ao motor e sem perda de eficiência. 10,11 A Norma ABNT NBR15568 estabelece um método para a determinação do percentual de biodiesel na mistura com diesel usando espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IR) nas faixas de concentração entre 0,5 e 30%. Entretanto, para a melhor fiscalização destas misturas é necessário um método rápido que permita a total caracterização do biodiesel (identificação e quantificação dos ésteres metílicos) e a quantificação deste na mistura com diesel, além de possibilitar a caracterização de outros adulterantes utilizados.…”

Production, Composition and Fuel Properties of Tallow Biodiesel: A Case of Botswana

“…These include waste cooking oil, non-edible plant oils such as jatropha oil, by-products from edible-oil refineries, waste animal and chicken fats. Use of this perceived cheap resource is envisaged to improve production economy of biodiesel fuel [3]. The most common method of processing oils into biodiesel is the transesterification reaction of oil/fat with primary alcohols such as methanol and ethanol in the presence of acid or alkali catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters and glycerol as a by-product [4] [5].…”

GC-FID methodology validation for the fatty esters content determination in biodiesel with hexadecyl acetate as the internal standard

“…16 Biodiesel must be in accordance with a set of quality parameters to be employed, that includes purity and impurities contents; performance characteristics, as cetane number, oxidative stability; and physical properties, as viscosity, and specific mass. 19 The purity of biodiesel is expressed as esters content, and can be estimated by several instrumental techniques, as gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD), 22,38,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] high performance liquid chromatography--evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD), [22][23][24][25]47,48 high performance liquid chromatography-refractive index detector (HPLC-RID), 49 high performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD), 23,32,34 gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 23 high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), 50 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), …”