“…Studying what individual classroom members say or do, with whom, when and how they say or do it, under what conditions, for what individual and group purposes, and with what outcomes illuminates the learning culture of that classroom from each member's point of view. Such studies reveal how individual members discursively participate in the social and academic knowledge and procedures they need to become members of the group (Green & Dixon, 1993). They show the principles or rules for how individuals can proceed as members to participate in the "take up" (Edwards & Mercer, 1987) of academic learning opportunities (Alton- Lee and Nuthall, 1992;Meyers, 1993;Tuyay, Jennings, & Dixon, 1995) to become academically literate (Cochran-Smith, 1984).…”