The digital age has seen the rise of service systems involving highly distributed, heterogeneous, and resourceintegrating actors whose relationships are governed by shared institutional logics, standards, and digital technology. The cocreation of service within these service systems takes place in the context of a paradoxical tension between the logic of generative and democratic innovations and the logic of infrastructural control. Boundary resources play a critical role in managing the tension as a firm that owns the infrastructure cansecure its control over the service system while independent firms can participate in the service system. In this study, we explore the evolution of boundary resources. Drawing on Pickering's (1993) and Barrett et al.'s (2012)
conceptualizations of tuning, the paper seeks to forward our understanding of how heterogeneous actors engage in the tuning of boundary resources within Apple's iOS service system. We conduct an embedded case study of Apple's iOS service system with an in-depth analysis of 4,664 blog articles concerned with 30 boundary resources covering 6 distinct themes. Our analysis reveals that boundary resources of service systems enabled by digital technology are shaped and reshaped through distributed tuning, which involves cascading actions of accommodations and rejections of a network of heterogeneous actors and artifacts. Our study also shows the dualistic role of power in the distributed tuning process.Keywords: Service system innovation, mobile platform, ecosystem, digital infrastructure, boundary resource dynamics, tuning, sociomateriality, iOS
Introduction
1Service is increasingly recognized as the foundation of activities and value creation in the global economy (Pine and Gilmore 1999;Vargo and Lusch 2004; Zuboff and Maxmin 2002). In combination with digital technology, we are witnessing fundamental shifts in business models, collaboration, and work practices in all levels of economic activity (Barrett and Davidson 2008). We define service broadly as "the application of specialized knowledge skills through deeds, processes, and performances for the benefit of customers" (Vargo and Lusch 2004, p. 2). In the service economy, value is cocreated by customers who appropriate service provided by the firm, integrating it with other resources, some of which are provided through market and others provided privately or publicly (Vargo and Lusch 2010). Therefore, service is 1 Michael Barrett, Elizabeth Davidson, Jaideep Prabhu, and Stephen L. Vargo were the accepting senior editors for this paper. The authors are listed in alphabetical order only.The appendix for this paper is located in the "Online Supplements" section of the MIS Quarterly's website (http://www.misq.org). Vargo et al. 2008). The notion of service system offers a general view of economic activities that can explain all types of economic transactions, ranging from the simple barter system of labor among individuals to a complex set of transactions in the global financial market (Vargo et al. 2008).S...