Taking the next step: cortical contributions to the control of locomotion

Drew, Trevor; Marigold, Daniel S.

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.011

Cited by 181 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In the cited studies, the planning level was mainly related to limb trajectory planning during obstacle avoidance tasks in cats (with vision). Our behavioral observations show that, in our patients, important brain lesions in the premotor and motor cortices do not affect path-planning mechanisms; this supports the propositions of Drew and Marigold [23] and goes even further as we suggest similar distinctions between planning (spatial) and execution (temporal) levels of locomotion but at the level of the whole-body trajectory. Besides, we observed that patients with focal lesions of the cerebellum or basal ganglia did not exhibit navigational deficits.…”

Section: Brain Areas Involved In the Spatial And Temporal Aspects Of supporting

confidence: 89%

“…In a recent review paper mainly based on animal studies, Drew and Marigold [23] proposed an anatomical distinction of brain areas involved in different aspects of locomotion. Namely, they provided neurophysiological evidence for a different contribution of posterior parietal and motor cortices in the planning and execution of locomotion, respectively.…”

Section: Brain Areas Involved In the Spatial And Temporal Aspects Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planning of spatially-oriented locomotion following focal brain damage in humans: A pilot study

Hicheur

Boujon

Wong

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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Section: Brain Areas Involved In the Spatial And Temporal Aspects Of supporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Brain Areas Involved In the Spatial And Temporal Aspects Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning of spatially-oriented locomotion following focal brain damage in humans: A pilot study

Hicheur

Boujon

Wong

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Recent evidence (Drew and Marigold, 2015) has also confirmed that the posterior parietal cortex is mainly involved in the planning of movements, whereas the motor cortex contributes primarily to the execution of a movement. Relatedly, animal studies on macaque monkeys have shown that the preparation and planning of actions before execution is accompanied by an increment of neuronal activity in brain regions such as the medial posterior parietal areas (Breveglieri et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Brain Activation Patterns Characterizing Different Phases of Motor Action: Execution, Choice and Ideation

et al. 2016

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Motor behaviour is controlled by a large set of interacting neural structures, subserving the different components involved in hierarchical motor processes. Few studies have investigated the neural substrate of higher-order motor ideation, i.e. the mental operation of conceiving a movement. The aim of this functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study was to segregate the neural structures involved in motor ideation from those involved in movement choice and execution. An index finger movement paradigm was adopted, including three different conditions: performing a pre-specified movement, choosing and executing a movement and ideating a movement of choice.The tasks involved either the right or left hand, in separate runs. Neuroimaging results were obtained by comparing the different experimental conditions and computing conjunction maps of the right and left hands for each contrast. Pre-specified movement execution was supported by bilateral fronto-parietal motor regions, the cerebellum and putamen. Choosing and executing finger movement involved mainly left fronto-temporal areas and the anterior cingulate. Motor ideation activated almost exclusively left hemisphere regions, including the inferior, middle and superior frontal regions, middle temporal and middle occipital gyri. These findings show that motor ideation is controlled by a cortical network mainly involved in abstract thinking, cognitive and motor control, semantic and visual imagery processes.

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“…Recent research on the neural underpinnings of visually guided walking in cats suggests that area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may play an essential role in integrating visual signals into the gait cycle to facilitate the control of foot placement during locomotion over complex terrain (21,23). This area has been implicated in the control of reaching to remembered locations in primates (24,25) and may play an analogous role in stepping behavior during locomotion.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

The critical phase for visual control of human walking over complex terrain

Matthis

Barton

Fajen

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

104

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To walk efficiently over complex terrain, humans must use vision to tailor their gait to the upcoming ground surface without interfering with the exploitation of passive mechanical forces. We propose that walkers use visual information to initialize the mechanical state of the body before the beginning of each step so the resulting ballistic trajectory of the walker's center-of-mass will facilitate stepping on target footholds. Using a precision stepping task and synchronizing target visibility to the gait cycle, we empirically validated two predictions derived from this strategy: (1) Walkers must have information about upcoming footholds during the second half of the preceding step, and (2) foot placement is guided by information about the position of the target foothold relative to the preceding base of support. We conclude that active and passive modes of control work synergistically to allow walkers to negotiate complex terrain with efficiency, stability, and precision.H umans and other animals are remarkable in their ability to take advantage of what is freely available in the environment to the benefit of efficiency, stability, and coordination in movement. This opportunism can take on at least two forms, both of which are evident in human locomotion over complex terrain: (i) harnessing external forces to minimize the need for self-generated (i.e., muscular) forces (1), and (ii) taking advantage of passive stability to simplify the control of a complex movement (e.g., ref. 2). In the ensuing section, we explain how walkers exploit external forces and passive stability while walking over flat, obstacle-free terrain.* We then generalize this account to walking over irregular surfaces by explaining how walkers can adapt gait to terrain variations while still reaping the benefits of the available mechanical forces and inherent stability. This account leads to hypotheses about how and when walkers use visual information about the upcoming terrain and where that information is found. We derive several predictions from these hypotheses and then put them to the test in three experiments. Passive Control in Human WalkingThe basic movement pattern of the human gait cycle arises primarily from the phasic activation of flexor and extensor muscle groups by spinal-level central pattern generators, regulated by sensory signals from lower limb proprioceptors and cutaneous feedback from the plantar surface of the foot. This low-level neuromuscular circuitry serves to maintain the rhythmic physical oscillations that define locomotor behavior (see ref. 3 for review). This section will provide an overview of the basic biomechanics of the bipedal gait cycle to show how these inherent physical dynamics contribute to the passive stability and energetic efficiency of human locomotion.During the single support phase of the bipedal gait cycle, when only one foot is in contact with the ground, a walker shares the physical dynamics of an inverted pendulum. The body's center of mass (COM) acts as the bob of the pendulum and is support...

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Taking the next step: cortical contributions to the control of locomotion

Cited by 181 publications

References 55 publications

Planning of spatially-oriented locomotion following focal brain damage in humans: A pilot study

Planning of spatially-oriented locomotion following focal brain damage in humans: A pilot study

Brain Activation Patterns Characterizing Different Phases of Motor Action: Execution, Choice and Ideation

The critical phase for visual control of human walking over complex terrain

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