“…Since that time research in the broad area of emotional intelligence has flourished (Barchard, Brackett, & Mestre, 2016), by the early years of the twenty-first century valid emotional intelligence measures were being developed (Ciarrochi, Deane, & Anderson, 2002;Ciarrochi, Chan, & Caputi, 2000;Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999;Schutte, Malouff, Hall, Haggerty, Cooper, Golden, & Dornheim, 1998) but debate continued as to whether emotional intelligence is a cognitive ability (involving the cognitive processing of emotional information), which should be measured by ability-type tests, or whether it is a dispositional tendency, which should be measured by a self-report questionnaire (Saklofske, Austin, & Minski, 2003). Mayer and Salovey (1997) had refined their earlier definition to focus on four emotion-related abilities: perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions, but other researchers responded with alternative understandings of emotional intelligence, for instance as a constellation of emotion-related personality traits (Petrides & Furnham, 2000).…”