Taking Container-Based Sanitation to Scale: Opportunities and Challenges

Russel, Kory C.; Hughes, Kelvin; Roach, M.; Auerbach, David I.; Foote, Andrew M.; Kramer, Sasha; Briceño, Raúl A.

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00190

Cited by 35 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These systems show a particularly high recovery potential, confirming the results from [44]. In practice, such systems are often called the container-based systems and have most recently been shown to be a promising alternative to conventional solutions in informal settlements in Kenya and Peru [22]. The system appropriateness, together with resource recovery, allows us to further narrow down the set of selected systems.…”

Section: Quantifying Substance Recovery and Losses Potentialsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…The diversity is a precondition allowing to highlight trade-offs regarding different decision objectives in a detailed evaluation later in the planning process (see Figure 2 for insights). Peru [22]. The system appropriateness, together with resource recovery, allows us to further narrow down the set of selected systems.…”

Section: Generating Appropriate Sanitation System Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system relies on a urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) with centralized emptying and treatment. However, these innovations are restricted by the absence of suitable regulations for their services that require different organization than centralized sewer systems [22]. The provision of safe sanitation services for Lima's informal settlements is a dilemma for both communities and regulators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Nisaa

Krauss

Spuhler

2021

Water

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The pre-selection of locally appropriate sanitation technologies and systems is crucial for strategic sanitation planning as any decision is only as good as the options presented. One approach that allows us to systematically consider the local conditions and a diverse range of conventional and novel technologies and systems is the Santiago method. In this paper, we discuss whether the Santiago method can be applied to the case of Latin America and what we would gain from this application. We do so by expanding the Santiago technology library with technologies that have been shown to be promising in metropolitan areas of Latin America, such as condominial sewer, container-based sanitation, and activated sludge. We then apply Santiago to the semi-informal settlement Quebrada Verde (QV) in Lima, Peru. Using Santiago, we were able to generate 265,185 sanitation system options from 42 technologies and 18 appropriateness criteria. A set of 17 appropriate and divers are then selected. The diversity is defined by 17 system templates. To further evaluate these 17 systems, resource recovery and loss potentials are quantified. Higher nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and total solids recovery are observed for systems that combine urine diversion and biofuel production. The case of QV shows that the Santiago method is applicable in the Latin American context.

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Section: Quantifying Substance Recovery and Losses Potentialsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Generating Appropriate Sanitation System Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Nisaa

Krauss

Spuhler

2021

Water

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“…They also disproportionately benefit the elderly and young (Greenland et al, 2016), facilitate handwashing with soap (Greenland et al, 2016), and are a cost-efficient way to expand services to marginalized communities (World Bank, 2019). However, CBS businesses rarely cover their costs through business revenues (K. C. Russel et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of User Experiences for the Clean Team Ghana Container-Based Sanitation Service in Kumasi, Ghana

Tidwell

Nyarko

Ross

et al. 2020

Preprint

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There is a lack of affordable and acceptable sanitation solutions for dense, low-income urban settlements. One option that has been proposed is container-based sanitation, where a sealed cartridge installed in a free-standing toilet is regularly changed and adequately separates users from their excreta. Though container-based toilets are considered a safely managed sanitation solution that meets the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, little is known about user experiences to inform how such a solution should be viewed by governments. We conducted a longitudinal prospective cohort study of changes in objective and subjective measures of sanitation quality due to the Clean Team Ghana (CTG) container-based toilet service in Kumasi, Ghana from June to December 2019. We collected data immediately prior to installation of a toilet and 10 weeks afterwards for 292 customers. Most initially used public toilets with good structural quality, but sometimes had poor cleanliness, a lack of handwashing facilities, and required a 14.3 minute mean round trip time to use. The evaluation found that CTG delivers a high-quality service that positively impacts the quality of life of CTG customers, as well as saving them money, reducing gender gaps in quality of life, and addressing the needs of those with physical disabilities. Satisfaction with CTG toilet and service characteristics was high, with the largest increases for satisfaction with smell, comfort, disgust, and privacy. Women in particular were positively impacted both for explicitly gendered indicators like the ability to practice menstrual hygiene management, and other indicators where women scored lower than men at baseline, including ease of access, ease of use, and cleanliness. Use of the service also benefitted those who had been unable to use a toilet for physical or social reasons beforehand. Problems with the CTG service, such as leaking, filling, smelling, or not being replaced as scheduled, were reported by fewer than 10% of customers. While one product or service does not fit the needs of all customers, this evaluation supports the growing body of evidence that container-based sanitation provides a service valued by users and acceptable to policymakers in dense urban settlements.

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“…The portability feature makes the technology suitable in areas characterized by high water table, prone to flooding, hilly, rocky and collapsing soil (WBG, 2019;Tilmans et al, 2015). In these places, CBS achieve the inclusive sanitation and eliminates open defecation (Russel et al, 2019;Katukiza et al, 2012). The CBS has been mostly used during emergencies, unplanned urban settlement and in special requirements such as to serve people with impaired mobility such as people with disabilities, the sick or the elderly who cannot access the normal sanitation facilities.…”

Section: Container Based Sanitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Potential and Constraints of Modified Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Seleman

Mbwette

Gabrielsson

et al. 2019

TJET

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Cities in the developing world face the challenge of safe management of faecal sludge because of rapid population growth that overwhelms the sanitation infrastructure and services. In developing countries, only 50% of faecal sludge (FS) generated is safely managed the remaining portion is haphazardly disposed of in the environment risking public health and environment. In response to the urgent need for safely managed sanitation services, technological options for containment, desludging and transportation of FS are being modified. This paper reviewed current desludging practices and the potential of modified technological options for addressing FSM at containment, desludging, and transportation in Dar es Salaam unplanned urban settlements. The paper reviewed; water seal squat pan, Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT), split slabs, pre-installed suction hose, and the container-based sanitation (CBS) for containment stage. Others are the hand tools, sludge digger, the excrevator, rammer, and the eVac for desludging; and small pick-up truck and motorized tricycle and transfer stations for transfer and transportation of FS. Based on technical feasibility, social and environmental context of Dar es Salaam, the reviewed modified technology options have the potential of addressing FSM challenges in unplanned urban settlements in Dar es Salaam. However, institutional arrangement particularly the absence of the modified technologies in the menu of recommended technological options affects their upscaling. Paradoxically, most of the technologies have not been vigorously tried in the field to inform policy choice. Improvement of FSM with the application of modified technological options will require improvement in enabling environment for their operation and continuous modification. The major research gaps have also been identified in this review.

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Taking Container-Based Sanitation to Scale: Opportunities and Challenges

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Evaluation of User Experiences for the Clean Team Ghana Container-Based Sanitation Service in Kumasi, Ghana

Reviewing the Potential and Constraints of Modified Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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