Take-over again: Investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop

Petermeijer, Sebastiaan M.; Bazilinskyy, Pavlo; Bengler, Klaus; Winter, Joost de

doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.02.023

Cited by 191 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The surrogate reference task resembles a target recognition task, in which participants are required to identify a target item (the letter Q in this study) amid a field of distractors (the letter O) and manually select it on a touchscreen located to the right of the participant. This secondary task is commonly used in studies of this nature (Beller, Heesen, and Vollrath 2013;Hergeth et al 2016;Hsieh, Seaman, and Young 2015;Petermeijer et al 2017;Stockert, Richardson, and Lienkamp 2015). The task imposes a controllable level of cognitive load and resembles an ordinary activity like interacting with an infotainment system or smartphone.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Situational Awareness, Driver’s Trust in Automated Driving Systems and Secondary Task Performance

Petersen¹,

Robert²,

Yang³

et al. 2019

SAE Intl. J CAV

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Driver assistance systems, also called automated driving systems, allow drivers to immerse themselves in non-driving-related tasks. Unfortunately, drivers may not trust the automated driving system, which prevents either handing over the driving task or fully focusing on the secondary task. We assert that enhancing situational awareness can increase a driver's trust in automation. Situational awareness should increase a driver's trust and lead to better secondary task performance. This study manipulated driversʼ situational awareness by providing them with different types of information: the control condition provided no information to the driver, the low condition provided a status update, while the high condition provided a status update and a suggested course of action. Data collected included measures of trust, trusting behavior, and task performance through surveys, eye-tracking, and heart rate data. Results show that situational awareness both promoted and moderated the impact of trust in the automated vehicle, leading to better secondary task performance. This result was evident in measures of self-reported trust and trusting behavior.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Situational Awareness, Driver’s Trust in Automated Driving Systems and Secondary Task Performance

Petersen¹,

Robert²,

Yang³

et al. 2019

SAE Intl. J CAV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The independent variable for the betweensubjects design was the non-driving task (Video, Call, Reading). Dependent variables, as used in earlier studies [8], [10], [18], were:…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Gold et al [8] used a beep as take-over request, whereas Melcher et al [9] evaluated a bimodal (i.e., auditory-visual) take-over request. More recently, tactile stimuli have been shown to be effective as take-over requests [10]. Non-driving tasks, such as reading and making a phone call engage mainly the visual and auditory perceptual modalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driver response times to auditory, visual, and tactile take-over requests: A simulator study with 101 participants

Petermeijer

Doubek

Winter

2017

2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)

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“…Another goal of multimodal warnings is to draw the driver's attention to a visual display on which relevant information is presented if the driver's gaze is not oriented towards that direction [50]. Multimodal take-over requests have consequently been shown to be superior to unimodal ones [19,21]. However, it may be precisely these advantages of multimodal HMIs that would likely interfere with ongoing NDRTs during automated manoeuvres in which the driver is not supposed to intervene.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15]). Successful human-automation cooperation requires fast and effective communication of the need for manual intervention in these cases (e.g., [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]). Therefore, getting the driver back into the loop as fast as possible has been the focus of a large body of research (see [24], for an overview), as this function of the in-vehicle HMI can be viewed as a key element for the safety of automated vehicles.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Usefulness of Automated Driving by Lowering Primary Task Interference through HMI Design

Naujoks

Forster

Wiedemann

et al. 2017

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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During conditionally automated driving (CAD), driving time can be used for non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs). To increase safety and comfort of an automated ride, upcoming automated manoeuvres such as lane changes or speed adaptations may be communicated to the driver. However, as the driver's primary task consists of performing NDRTs, they might prefer to be informed in a nondistracting way. In this paper, the potential of using speech output to improve human-automation interaction is explored. A sample of 17 participants completed different situations which involved communication between the automation and the driver in a motion-based driving simulator. The Human-Machine Interface (HMI) of the automated driving system consisted of a visualauditory HMI with either generic auditory feedback (i.e., standard information tones) or additional speech output. The drivers were asked to perform a common NDRT during the drive. Compared to generic auditory output, communicating upcoming automated manoeuvres additionally by speech led to a decrease in self-reported visual workload and decreased monitoring of the visual HMI. However, interruptions of the NDRT were not affected by additional speech output. Participants clearly favoured the HMI with additional speech-based output, demonstrating the potential of speech to enhance usefulness and acceptance of automated vehicles.

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Take-over again: Investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop

Cited by 191 publications

References 65 publications

Situational Awareness, Driver’s Trust in Automated Driving Systems and Secondary Task Performance

Situational Awareness, Driver’s Trust in Automated Driving Systems and Secondary Task Performance

Driver response times to auditory, visual, and tactile take-over requests: A simulator study with 101 participants

Improving Usefulness of Automated Driving by Lowering Primary Task Interference through HMI Design

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