Taiwan's progress towards becoming an ocean country

Regulatory overlap: A systematic quantitative literature review

“…The frequency of papers that identified types of solutions alongside disciplines, locations, causes, and problems, demonstrated some emerging patterns within the data. For instance, Tier 4 solution of “create new department”—which included the idea that new departments or new purposes needed to be designed in order to solve regulatory overlap—was featured six times in papers coded with the discipline of “environmental law” (see, e.g., Benson, 2012; King et al, 2013; Shih, 2020). Similarly, six papers addressing “resources, energy and water” proposed this solution (see, e.g., Arora, 2018; Carter et al, 2017; Junita, 2015).…”

“…First, the type of reform needed, 11 and second, the method/priority for how reform should be achieved. 12 In reference to the type of reform, the recurring proposed solutions were for "act reform" (23 papers) (see, e.g., Murray, 2012;Shih, 2020;Windholz, 2013a) 13 followed by the proposal to reduce regulations (13 papers) (see, e.g., Anker et al, 2015;Unruh, 2012;Vaale-Hallberg, 2014). The solution of reduced regulations was linked to papers that were calling for either a single act or standard (4 papers) (see, e.g., Benson, 2012;Junita, 2015;Middleton, 2015) or conversely those that suggested multiple acts (two papers) (see, e.g., Kim, 2011;Windholz, 2013b) or multiple departments (five papers) (see, e.g., Duranske, 2017;Godwin et al, 2017;Godwin et al, 2016).…”

The development of ocean governance for marine environment protection: Current legal system in Taiwan

“…In 2018, Taiwan's central government (cabinet) established the specialized ocean authorities, the OAC (Figure 1), responsible for ocean affairs and governance, integrates and coordinates all oceanrelated matters, as well as the CGA (Coast Guard Administration), OCA and NAMR (National Academy of Marine Research) (Shih, 2020). In 2019, the Ocean Basic Act (OBA) was approved; the purpose of the legislation is to create a healthy marine environment, promote sustainable resources, enhance the development of marine industries, and improve regional and international cooperation on ocean affairs.…”

“…To maintain a good marine environment and its resources, it is necessary to integrate marine management and ocean governance as support; comprehensive ocean governance is the foundation of marine sustainability, and it involves environmental monitoring programs or environmental indicators as criteria for environmental assessment (Shih, 2010). The twenty-first century revolves around oceans (Xu and Chang, 2017;Shih, 2020). Taiwan is famous for its rich marine biodiversity, ecosystems, and beautiful scenery.…”