Tailoring the yield and characteristics of wood cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using concentrated acid hydrolysis

Chen, Liheng; Wang, Qianqian; Hirth, Kolby; Báez, Carlos; Agarwal, Umesh P.; Zhu, Junyong

doi:10.1007/s10570-015-0615-1

Cited by 314 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…consequence of the stronger depolymerization of cellulose produced by a larger acid 241 concentration (Chen et al 2015). Even in these conditions, cellulase showed to be capable 242 of increasing yield up to ≈2.4%, strongly highlighting the benefits of this pretreatment.…”

Section: Starting Fibers and Enzymatic Treatment 198mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…acid they showed to reduce NCC sulfur content 324 when increased. This observed desulfation was attributed to the degradation of NCC to 325 sugars due to excessive depolymerization (Chen et al 2015). Polydispersity index (PDI) is a measure of the heterogeneity in particle sizes within a 335 sample, where smaller values indicate a higher homogeneity.…”

Section: Starting Fibers and Enzymatic Treatment 198mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine NCC morphology using a 181 similar protocol to that described elsewhere (Chen et al 2015). Carbon-coated Cu-grids 182 were firstly glow-discharged for 30 seconds and then floated on 5 µL drops of NCC 183 suspensions (0.1-0.5 % w/v) for 5 minutes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Optimization of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from enzymatically pretreated fibers

et al. 2016

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21NCC preparation using sulfuric acid hydrolysis from cellulase pretreated fibers was optimized in 22 order to obtain the highest possible yield with 62% and 65% wt. sulfuric acid throughout two 23 statistical plans. At optimal conditions (10U/g odp cellulase, 25 min hydrolysis, 47 ºC and 62 % 24 wt. H 2 SO 4 ) high yields were obtained (≥80%) including an increase produced by enzyme of ~9 %. 25Optimal conditions produced nanosized particles of around ~200 nm with a reduced surface 26 charge and sulfur content. The performed optimization allowed reducing the hydrolysis time in a 27 44%, and also increasing yield in more than 10% compared to results exposed in previous works.

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Section: Starting Fibers and Enzymatic Treatment 198mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Starting Fibers and Enzymatic Treatment 198mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from enzymatically pretreated fibers

et al. 2016

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“…70 This is in excellent agreement with Wang et al and Chen et al who obtained similar results extracting CNCs from bleached kraft eucalyptus pulp. 67,71 In addition to CNC dimensions, yield and sulfate half ester content, a recent publication by…”

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confidence: 99%

Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals: From the Laboratory to Industrial Production

2016

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Abstract:The renewability, biocompatibility and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have made them an attractive material for numerous composite, biomedical and rheological applications. However, for CNCs to shift from laboratory curiosity to commercial applications, researchers must transition from CNCs extracted at the bench scale to material produced at an industrial scale. There are a number of companies currently producing kilogram to ton per day quantities of sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNCs, as well as other nanocelluloses, as described herein.With the recent intensification of industrially produced CNCs, the variety of cellulose sources, hydrolysis methods and purification procedures, characterization of these materials becomes critical. This has further been justified by the past two decades of research which demonstrate that CNC stability and behaviour is highly dependent on surface chemistry, surface charge density and particle size. This work outlines key test methods that should be employed to characterize these properties to ensure a "known" starting material and consistent performance.Of the sulfuric acid-extracted CNCs examined, industrially produced material compared well with laboratory-made CNCs, exhibiting similar charge density, colloidal and thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology and self-assembly behaviour. In addition, it was observed that further purification of CNCs, using Soxhlet extraction in ethanol, had minimal impact on nanoparticle properties and is unlikely to be necessary for many applications. Overall the current standing of industrially produced CNCs is positive suggesting that the evolution to commercial scale applications will not be hindered by CNC production.

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“…During the acid hydrolysis step, the accessible amorphous regions are hydrolyzed to yield crystalline cellulose in the form of rod-shaped particles. Studies have indicated that the hydrolysis conditions (temperature, reaction times, acid concentration) and choice of acids are critical and can easily affect the particle dimensions, CNCs' overall yield, and surface charge density [16][17][18][19][20]. While a number of acids such as hydrochloric acid [2,3], hydrobromic acid [21,22], phosphoric acid [23,24], and more recently, phosphotungstic acid [25] have been investigated, sulfuric acid remains the most commonly employed acid for the hydrolysis of cellulose raw materials in both academia and industry [3].…”

Section: Preparation Of Cncs Via Acid Hydrolysis Of Native Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Strategies for the Fabrication of Cationic Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals

Sunasee

Hemraz

2018

Fibers

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are renewable nanosized materials with exceptional physicochemical properties that continue to garner a high level of attention in both industry and academia for their potential high-end material applications. These rod-shaped CNCs are appealing due to their non-toxic, carbohydrate-based chemical structure, large surface area, and the presence of ample surface hydroxyl groups for chemical surface modifications. CNCs, generally prepared from sulfuric acid-mediated hydrolysis of native cellulose, display an anionic surface that has been exploited for a number of applications. However, several recent studies showed the importance of CNCs' surface charge reversal towards the design of functional cationic CNCs. Cationization of CNCs could further open up other innovative applications, in particular, bioapplications such as gene and drug delivery, vaccine adjuvants, and tissue engineering. This mini-review focuses mainly on the recent covalent synthetic methods for the design and fabrication of cationic CNCs as well as their potential bioapplications.

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Tailoring the yield and characteristics of wood cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using concentrated acid hydrolysis

Cited by 314 publications

References 30 publications

Optimization of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from enzymatically pretreated fibers

Optimization of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from enzymatically pretreated fibers

Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals: From the Laboratory to Industrial Production

Synthetic Strategies for the Fabrication of Cationic Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals

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