Tailoring the surface morphology of Ni at the nanometric scale by ultrashort laser pulses

Beyond the Microscale: Advances in Surface Nanopatterning by Laser‐Driven Self‐Organization

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 75 ] Copyright 2022, The Authors, Springer Science publisher. d) Experimental setup for 2D‐LIPSS, using Mach–Zhender interferometer, with static irradiation for 2D‐LIPSS‐II and coupled with Galvo scanner for 2D‐LIPSS‐I and II.…”

“…delved into an array of nanopatterns, each corresponding to distinct self‐organization regimes driven by convection mechanisms at the nanoscale, through their investigation of femtosecond laser‐irradiated nickel surfaces. [ 75–77 ] Figure portrays original 2D AFM images illustrating the formation of laser‐induced nanopatterns, masterminded by the manipulation of both the laser peak fluence (ranging from 0.18 to 0.24 J $${\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$$) and the time delay ($$\Delta t$$), (varying from 8 to 25 ps). Notably, at low $$\Delta t$$ values (8 and 10 ps) and peak fluences above 0.20 J $${\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$$, the observation of chaotic nanostructures emerged.…”

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Copyright 2022, The Authors, Springer Science publisher. Copyright 2021,The Authors, MDPI publisher.…”

“…Various types of 2D surface patterning have been reported, including patterns with hexagonal, [67][68][69] triangular, [70,71] spherical, [72] square, [73] labyrinthine, [74] or chaotic [75] symmetries, featuring both positive and negative reliefs such as humps, [76] bumps, [75] peaks, [74] and spikes. [77] Achieving a remarkably uniform establishment of these microscale patterns, independently of the oriented near-field optical effects on the local nanotopography, requires a more global and collective perspective.…”

“…c) Morphological map of 2D-LIPSS-II as a function of the peak fluence and time-delay imposed between the pulses of a double pulse sequence with a Number of double-pulse sequences N = 25. Reproduced with permission [75]. Copyright 2022, The Authors, Springer Science publisher.…”