Tailoring the Inherent Properties of Biobased Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine

Abstract

Biobased nanoparticles are at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanomedicine and biotherapeutics. Their unique size, shape, and biophysical properties make them attractive tools for biomedical research, including vaccination, targeted drug delivery, and immune therapy. These nanoparticles are engineered to present native cell receptors and proteins on their surfaces, providing a biomimicking camouflage for therapeutic cargo to evade rapid degradation, immune rejection, inflammation, and clearance. Despite showing promising clinical relevance, commercial implementation of these biobased nanoparticles is yet to be fully realized. In this perspective, we discuss advanced biobased nanoparticle designs used in medical applications, such as cell membrane nanoparticles, exosomes, and synthetic lipid-derived nanoparticles, and highlight their benefits and potential challenges. Moreover, we critically assess the future of preparing such particles using artificial intelligence and machine learning. These advanced computational tools will be able to predict the functional composition and behavior of the proteins and cell receptors present on the nanoparticle surfaces. With more advancement in designing new biobased nanoparticles, this field of research could play a key role in dictating the future rational design of drug transporters, thereby ultimately improving overall therapeutic outcomes.

Cell Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles as Biomimetic Nanotherapeutics to Alleviate Fatty Liver Disease

“…However, the cell extrusion method has given a much smaller size of CMNs, which helps in better cell internalization and thus provides a robust system for drug delivery. 13 Moreover, we determined the presence of DNA and protein concentrations in the cell suspension and the final CMNs product. We aimed to remove the DNA from the samples to avoid a foreign body response or immune rejection.…”

“…Moreover, the size of the CMNs can be easily tuned to match the demands of the nanocarriers needed for effective drug delivery. Furthermore, CMNs are biocompatible and are naturally derived nanoparticles compared to liposomes and other synthetic nanoparticles. , Additionally, CMNs hold a significant advantage by carrying the inherent properties of native cell receptors and providing chemical cues to the host cells via various cell–cell interactions. This allows CMNs to deliver specific drugs into cells and bypass the body’s defensive mechanisms, including phagocytosis by the immune cells. , …”

Remotely Controlled Surface Charge Modulation of Magnetoelectric Nanogenerators for Swift and Efficient Drug Delivery

“…12 These nanoparticle-based drug carriers exhibit notable advantages such as extended shelf life, leading to increased stability, and can facilitate a wide range of drug molecules within the particle matrix. 13,14 Furthermore, these can accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and nanoparticles allow for versatile routes of administration, encompassing oral intake and inhalation. 15−17 Researchers have proposed a wide range of applications of drug-loaded nanoparticles designed to precisely target tumor sites.…”

“…Formulating drug molecules within nanoscale carriers offers a compelling strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of anticancer pharmaceuticals and overcome the chemotherapeutic side effects. − Several active drug delivery systems are available, such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, lipoprotein-based carriers, nanoparticles, and dendrimers . These nanoparticle-based drug carriers exhibit notable advantages such as extended shelf life, leading to increased stability, and can facilitate a wide range of drug molecules within the particle matrix. , Furthermore, these can accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and nanoparticles allow for versatile routes of administration, encompassing oral intake and inhalation. − …”

Poly(allylamine)-tripolyphosphate Ionic Assemblies as Nanocarriers: Friend or Foe?

“…One of the most relevant challenges in nanomedicine is obtaining nanocarriers with simple and sustainable synthetic routes, high drug loading capacity, robustness in physiological environments, and good biocompatibility. , In this context, nanomaterials based on polyelectrolytes are especially interesting due to the great diversity and availability of this class of polymer. , In addition, many of these macromolecules are easily solubilized in aqueous media, which allow highly sustainable preparation routes to be applied without the need for the use of toxic and expensive organic solvents. Because of their large number of charges, polyelectrolytes can assemble in an aqueous solution with other oppositely charged species (i.e., polyelectrolytes, surfactants, enzymes, proteins, and multivalent ions) to generate complexes that, depending on the experimental conditions, acquire different configurations including complex coacervates, solid precipitates, layer-by-layer films, and nanocomplexes. − …”