Tailoring the alloy composition for wire arc additive manufacturing utilizing metal-cored wires in the cold metal transfer process

Pixner, Florian; Buzolin, Ricardo Henrique; Zelić, Anto; Riedlsperger, Florian; Orłowska, Marta; Warchomicka, Fernando; Decherf, Mathieu; Lasnik, Michael; Enzinger, Norbert

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110453

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 58 publications

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“…The welding sequence and overlap distance were selected according to the literature. 25–28 The alternate-line path ensured a stable build-up process with geometric accuracy of the fabricated parts (see Figure 1). The obtained width of the block is approximately 22 mm, and the height is around 23 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electron beam freeform fabrication of NiTi shape memory alloys. Part II: Influence of the heat treatment on the superelastic behaviour

Guimarães,

Rauchdobler,

Pixner

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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In a previous study (part I), the deposition of functional single-track and multi-layer Ni-rich NiTi using the electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) technique was demonstrated. The processed microstructure consists of columnar millimetre range grains that grow parallel to the build direction. Based on the same parameters of part I, this work successfully deposited a stable multi-track and multi-layer NiTi block. Different heat treatments were applied to modify the superelastic properties of the deposited material. Initially, the solution treatment reduces the chemical inhomogeneity and the thermal stresses that originated during the deposition and cooling. Subsequently, due to ageing, Ni4Ti3 particles precipitate at 350 °C and 450 °C for 1, 6 and 12 h, modified the superelastic behaviour of the deposited NiTi. The differential scanning calorimetry results did not reveal any difference in the martensitic starting temperature between as-built and solution-treated samples. However, a remarkable influence of the ageing temperature was detected: while ageing at 350 °C impacted R-phase starting temperatures, 450 °C altered the martensitic starting one. The superelastic behaviour was evaluated by cycling compression. As-built and solution heat-treated samples presented poor mechanical performance, with about 40% of strain recovered after 10 cycles. The ageing at 350 °C for 1 h led to a maximum measured strain recovery of 72.5% after 10 uniaxial compression cycles up to 860 MPa. This condition also resulted in 3.3% permanent deformation out of 11.3% of the total. This study addressed for the first time the fabrication by the EBF3 technique of a stable multi-track and multi-layer NiTi block besides the importance of heat treating it, demonstrating that this post-treatment improves the superelastic performance of EBF3 fabricated parts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electron beam freeform fabrication of NiTi shape memory alloys. Part II: Influence of the heat treatment on the superelastic behaviour

Guimarães,

Rauchdobler,

Pixner

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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Properties oriented WAAM—microstructural and geometrical control in WAAM of low-alloy steel

Treutler,

Gehling,

Scheck

et al. 2023

Weld World

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Today, arc-based additive manufacturing has great potential for industrial application due to new developments in robotics, welding technology, and computer-aided manufacturing. Two issues are currently the focus of research. One is the accurate generation of geometry with respect to the design, e.g., geometry fidelity, defined roughness, and shape deviations within the tolerances. Here, there are still open questions, particularly with regard to path planning and the dependence of the geometry on the selected process variables. The second topic is the adjustment or determination of the achievable mechanical and microstructural properties, as these are of crucial importance for the use of the technology in industry. The combination of both areas into a geometry- and property-oriented approach to additive manufacturing has been little discussed in the literature for arc-based welding processes. The correlations between cooling conditions and emerging properties can serve as a starting point for such a consideration. The temperature history depends on three key factors: the energy input, the interpass temperature (which in additive manufacturing is determined by the time to over-weld), and the heat transfer conditions, which are determined by the part geometry. The melt pool size or volume also depends on these three constraints. In this study, an approach is presented to realize property-oriented additive manufacturing from the interaction of property-oriented path planning and a melt pool size control system. By controlling the melt pool size, the cooling of the material can be adjusted within certain limits, and consequently, a local adjustment of the microstructure can be achieved, which greatly influences the local mechanical properties. This work demonstrates this approach for a low-alloy filler metal (DIN EN ISO 14341-A G 50 7 M21 4Mo/A5.28 ER80S-D2). Gas metal arc welding was carried out using an M21 shielding gas (82% Ar, 18% CO2). Finally, microstructural characterization will show that different microstructural morphologies and properties can be achieved in a component by combining property-oriented path planning and the use of a control loop to regulate the melt pool size.

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Wires for metal additive manufacturing

Harati

2024

Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Metallic Materials

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Tailoring the alloy composition for wire arc additive manufacturing utilizing metal-cored wires in the cold metal transfer process

Cited by 8 publications

References 58 publications

The electron beam freeform fabrication of NiTi shape memory alloys. Part II: Influence of the heat treatment on the superelastic behaviour

The electron beam freeform fabrication of NiTi shape memory alloys. Part II: Influence of the heat treatment on the superelastic behaviour

Properties oriented WAAM—microstructural and geometrical control in WAAM of low-alloy steel

Wires for metal additive manufacturing

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