Tailoring, Structure, and Activity of Carbon-Supported Nanosized Pt−Cr Alloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Pure and Methanol-Containing Electrolytes

Yang, Hui; Alonso‐Vante, Nicolas; Léger, and Jean-Michel; Lamy, C.

doi:10.1021/jp030948q

Cited by 261 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Furthermore, the use of platinum-based electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cells is blocked by the methanol crossover effect. To date, extensive efforts have been devoted to overcome these problems by using Pt-based alloys, [184][185][186][187][188][189] non-noble metals, [190][191][192][193] and enzymes 194,195 to replace Pt-based electrocatalysts. Nitrogen-doped graphene has also been reported to have high electrocatalytic activities and durability, because of its atom-thick 2D structure and high conductivity.…”

Section: Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

235

120

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Graphene has wide potential applications in energyrelated systems, mainly because of its unique atom-thick twodimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 231-253 KEYWORDS: composites; energy; fuel cell; graphene; lithium ion battery; redox polymers; solar cell; supercapacitor; synthesis INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most important recent topics of concern to human society. To replace conventional fossil fuels, clean and renewable energies based on sunlight, wind, new chemicals, and biofuels are urgently demanded. Therefore, materials that can directly convert or store renewable energies are being extensively studied. Among them, graphene has recently attracted a great deal of attention because of its unique atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) structure 1,2 and excellent electrical, 2 thermal, 3 optical, and mechanical properties. 4,5 Graphene is a promising material for applications in various energy-related systems such as supercapacitors, 6-9 secondary batteries, 10-14 solar cells, 15-17 and fuel cells. [18][19][20] For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form functional composites. [21][22][23] The polymer component can improve the processability and/or flexibility of graphene materials, and also possibly provide them with new functions. To date, various graphene composites with insulating or conducting polymers (CPs) have been prepared through noncovalent 22 or covalent approaches. 24 They have also been applied as electrodes for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries (LIBs), 25-29 counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 15,30,31 and transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) 32,33 or active layers of organic solar cells, 34 catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. [35][36][37] This review focuses on summarizing the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene/polymer composites and their energy applications.

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Section: Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

235

120

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“…56 The loss of catalytic activity of Pt/C has been observed for a wide variety of liquid fuels such as methanol, 56,57 ethanol, 47 ethylene glycol 47,58 and 2-propanol. 47 For example, the shift in potential with respect to E onset toward more negative values ( E onset ) can be as high as 620 mV in the presence of 0.125 M ethylene glycol, when Pt/C is used in acid media.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Nickel Titanate-Modified Pt Nanostructured Catalyst for the ORR in Alkaline Media

Hernández-Ramírez

Sánchez-Castro

Alonso-Lemus

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrocatalytic performance of novel Pt-NiTiO 3 /C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is investigated for the first time. The cathode has been synthesized in a two-step procedure. Firstly, the NiTiO 3 co-catalyst is obtained via a wet-chemical method. Then, 20% Pt-NiTiO 3 /C electrocatalysts (Pt:NiTiO 3 ratio of 1:1 at. %) is prepared by irradiating a mixture of NiTiO 3 , Vulcan and Pt precursor for 4 min in a microwave apparatus. As a reference, a 20% Pt/C catalyst has been synthesized by the same procedure. XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline NiTiO 3 with particle size between 25-40 nm. It also indicates the formation of nanostructured Pt-NiTiO 3 /C having a Pt particle size of less than 2 nm. TEM results show the formation of homogenously dispersed Pt nanoparticles, with particle size of 2.3 nm. The linear scan voltammograms show a performance for the ORR of Pt-NiTiO 3 /C as high as that of Pt/C in KOH. The results suggest that the reaction proceeds following a four-electron transfer mechanism. Moreover, the mass and specific activities of Pt-NiTiO 3 /C are the same as those of Pt/C, demonstrating good performance with less Pt. Furthermore, ORR selectivity tests show an enhanced tolerance of Pt-NiTiO 3 /C to 0. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFCs) and Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) are energy-producing devices with high conversion efficiency and zero or very low emission of greenhouse gases. 1-2Due to the feasibility of using H 2 as sustainable fuel or the alternative use of low-molecular weight liquid fuels with high energy density (for example CH 3 OH and C 2 H 5 OH), fuel cell systems have called the attention of research groups worldwide.1-5 Because of these energetic advantages compared to traditional heat engines, PEMFCs and DAFCs are promising as power sources for transportation, as well as portable and stationary applications. [3][4][5] Over the last decades, mostly acid membranes have been used during the development of PEM fuel cells. 6 However, recent advances in the synthesis of chemically stable anion-exchange membranes have open the opportunity for the development of Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) fueled with H 2 or organic molecules (A-PEMFCs and ADAFCs, respectively). [7][8][9][10] AFCs are also of technical interest because their atmosphere is less corrosive than the operating conditions found inside PEM fuel cells, theoretically ensuring a longer life-cycle. 11-15Even more, the kinetics of the cathode reaction is faster in alkaline media than the analogous reaction in acid environment. 10,16,17 Nevertheless, the use of noble metals is highly relevant in the progress of A-PEMFCs and A-DAFCs, where electrocatalyst based on Pt are still widely used. 10,[16][17][18][19][20][21] This is particularly important in the case of the ORR, several orders of magnitude slower than the hydrogen oxidation reaction. In order to reduce the costs of cathode electrocatalysts, the amount of noble metal must be decreased, yet sustaining a high catalytic activity for the ORR. In addition to suc...

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“…9 These behaviors are also noticed by different results in XRD: for the addition of Sn to the platinum, the diffraction peaks are shifted towards lower 2y angles and for the Cr, Ni and Co, the diffraction peaks are shifted toward higher values. 8,9,51 Predictions of surface segregation phenomena in bimetallic nanoparticles Pt-M (M = Ni, Re, Mo), 52 and Pt-Co 53 have also been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Synthesis, electrochemical characterization and molecular dynamics studies of surface segregation of platinum nano-alloy electrocatalysts

Favry

Wang

Fantauzzi

et al. 2011

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Alloy Pt-M (M = Co, Ni) nanocatalysts, supported on carbon Vulcan XC-72, were synthesized using the carbonyl chemical route. A high dispersion on such substrate was revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Alloy formation on the nanometre scale length was shown by high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on a nanoparticle. The metal M in Pt-M nanoalloys segregates preferentially on the nanoparticles' surface, as determined by the hydrogen adsorption electrochemical reaction. An increased tolerance towards methanol of such nanoalloy materials was observed for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid media. To better understand the structure and segregation phenomena of these nanoalloys, molecular dynamics (MD) with a self-optimized reactive force field was applied.

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Tailoring, Structure, and Activity of Carbon-Supported Nanosized Pt−Cr Alloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Pure and Methanol-Containing Electrolytes

Cited by 261 publications

References 67 publications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Evaluation of the Nickel Titanate-Modified Pt Nanostructured Catalyst for the ORR in Alkaline Media

Synthesis, electrochemical characterization and molecular dynamics studies of surface segregation of platinum nano-alloy electrocatalysts

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