Tailoring mechanical and surface properties of UFG CP-Ti by the low-temperature annealing

Sotniczuk, Agata; Kuczyńska-Zemła, Donata; Majchrowicz, Kamil; Kijeńska‐Gawrońska, Ewa; Kruszewski, Mirosław J.; Nikiforow, Kostiantyn; Pisarek, Marcin; Święszkowski, Wojciech; Garbacz, Halina

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155038

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The emission of new dislocations from the more equilibrium grain boundaries after annealing is more difficult and requires generation of higher stresses resulting in the strengthening of UFG materials [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. It has also been shown that the occurrence of the hardening by annealing effect may be affected by the segregation of impurity atoms to grain boundaries [ 25 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. According to the hardness results presented in Figure 2 , the hardening effect seems to be more evident and stable for Ti with a higher content of interstitial elements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium with Different Impurity Content

et al. 2023

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Ultrafine-grained (UFG) commercially pure (Ti Grade 2) and high-purity (Ti 99.99%) titanium can be a good alternative to less biocompatible Ti alloys in many biomedical applications. Their severe plastic deformation may lead to a substantial increase of strength, but their highly refined microstructure show a lower thermal stability which may limit their range of applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interstitial elements on the thermal stability of UFG Ti Grade 2 and high-purity Ti 99.99% processed by a multi-pass cold rolling to the total thickness reduction of 90%. The severely cold rolled Ti sheets were annealed at temperature in the range of 100–600 °C for 1 h and, subsequently, they were evaluated in terms of microstructure stability, mechanical performance as well as heat effects measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the microstructure and mechanical properties were relatively stable up to 200 and 400 °C in the case of UFG Ti 99.99% and Ti Grade 2, respectively. DSC measurements confirmed the aforementioned results about lower temperature of recovery and recrystallization processes in the high-purity titanium. Surprisingly, the discontinuous yielding phenomenon occurred in both investigated materials after annealing above their thermal stability range, which was further discussed based on their microstructural characteristics. Additionally, the so-called hardening by annealing effect was observed within their thermal stability range (i.e., at 100–400 °C for UFG Ti Grade 2 and 100 °C for UFG Ti 99.99%).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium with Different Impurity Content

et al. 2023

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“…The surface behaviors of CP Ti are equally as essential as the mechanical properties when assessing the biological function of implants [ 30 , 31 ]. The surface of CP Ti has been modified using techniques such as micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in order to increase its bioactivity and biocompatibility [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Pure Titanium’s Biological and Mechanical Characteristics through ECAP and Micro-Arc Oxidation Processes

Alemayehu,

Todoh,

Hsieh

et al. 2023

Micromachines

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Pure titanium is limited to be used in biomedical applications due to its lower mechanical strength compared to its alloy counterpart. To enhance its properties and improve medical implants feasibility, advancements in titanium processing technologies are necessary. One such technique is equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) for its severe plastic deformation (SPD). This study aims to surface modify commercially pure titanium using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) or plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technologies, and mineral solutions containing Ca and P. The composition, metallography, and shape of the changed surface were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), digital optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. A microhardness test is conducted to assess each sample’s mechanical strength. The weight % of Ca and P in the coating was determined using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the corrosion resistance was evaluated through potentiodynamic measurement. The behavior of human dental pulp cell and periodontal cell behavior was also studied through a biomedical experiment over a period of 1-, 3-, and 7-days using culture medium, and the cell death and viability can be inferred with the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) since it can detect proteins or biomarkers secreted by cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. This study shows that the mechanical grain refinement method and surface modification might improve the mechanical and biomechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium. According to the results of the corrosion loss measurements, 2PassMAO had the lowest corrosion rate, which is determined to be 0.495 mmpy. The electrode potentials for the 1-pass and 2-pass coated samples are 1.44 V and 1.47 V, respectively. This suggests that the coating is highly effective in reducing the corrosion rate of the metallic CP Ti sample. Changes in the grain size and the presence of a high number of grain boundaries have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance of CP Ti. For ECAPED and surface-modified titanium samples in a 3.6% NaCl electrolyte solution, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) properties are similar to Nyquist and Bode plot fitting. In light of ISO 10993-5 guidelines for assessing in vitro cytotoxicity, this study contributes valuable insights into pulp and periodontal cell behavior, focusing specifically on material cytotoxicity, a critical factor determined by a 30% decrease in cell viability.

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“…This leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the surface region [55,61]. To characterise the ability to increase strength for the modified surface region of Ti Grade 2 and TNTZ alloy, the hardness obtained can be compared with the results for the same materials after the cold-rolling process, reported elsewhere [62,63]. It turns out that the values measured for the TNTZ alloy surfaces after shot peening are very close to those presented for the ultra-fine-grained state after a large plastic deformation process, and are even higher in the case of Ti Grade 2 (Table 2).…”

Section: Microhardness After Shot Peeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Percent microhardness increase in materials after shot peening and large plastic deformation[62,63,[65][66][67].…”

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Tailoring Ti Grade 2 and TNTZ alloy surfaces in a two-step mechanical–chemical modification

Kowalczyk,

Kuczyńska-Zemła,

Sotniczuk

et al. 2023

Surface Engineering

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The aim of this work was to improve the surface properties of cp-Ti Grade 2 and β-Ti alloy TNTZ (Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr) for biomedical applications. A hybrid surface treatment consisting of shot peening and chemical etching was conducted. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties and topography of the modified surfaces were analysed. Microhardness measurements of the shot-peened samples revealed a great increase in the surface hardness to the similar level as can be achieved for the ultrafine-grained and nanostructured materials. Roughness tests and microscopic observations showed significant topographical differences, depending on the material and modification process involved. Moreover, in this paper we demonstrate the influence of the substrate and treatments on the wettability. Obtained results confirmed that designed hybrid modification of Ti Grade 2 and TNTZ has significant potential for biomedical applications.

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Tailoring mechanical and surface properties of UFG CP-Ti by the low-temperature annealing

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Thermal Stability and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium with Different Impurity Content

Thermal Stability and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium with Different Impurity Content

Improving Pure Titanium’s Biological and Mechanical Characteristics through ECAP and Micro-Arc Oxidation Processes

Tailoring Ti Grade 2 and TNTZ alloy surfaces in a two-step mechanical–chemical modification

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