Tailoring Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen‐, Sulfur‐Codoped Carbon for High‐Performance Supercapacitors and Oxygen Reduction

Abstract

Heteroatom‐doped carbon materials are intensively studied in supercapacitors and fuel cells, because of their great potential for sustainably bearing on the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Although enormous efforts are put in material perfection with a hierarchically porous microstructure, the simultaneous optimization of both porous structures and surface functionalities is hard to achieve due to inevitable concurrent dopant leaching effect and structural collapse under required high pyrolysis temperature. In this study, an in situ dehalogenation polymerization and activation protocol is introduced to synthesize nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐codoped carbon materials (NS‐PCMs) with hierarchical pore distribution and abundant surface doping, which endows them with good conductivity, abundant accessible active sites, and efficient mass transport. As a result, the as‐prepared carbon materials (NS‐a‐PCM‐1000) show an excellent mass specific capacitance of 461.5 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, long cycle life (>23 k, 10 A g−1), and high device energy and power density (17.3 Wh kg−1, 250 W kg−1). Significantly, NS‐a‐PCM‐1000 also exhibits one of the highest oxygen reduction reaction activities (onset potential of 1.0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) in alkaline media among all reported metal‐free catalysts.

Designing cross‐linked pyrrole‐thieno [3,4‐ b ] thiophene copolymer to push forward electrochemical performance and access flexible micro‐supercapacitor with ultra‐long cycling stability

“…The presence of the S element helps to reduce the surface hydrophobicity of carbon material 61 and can undergo redox reactions with the electrolyte to generate pseudocapacitors, making it more favorable for use as an electrode material for supercapacitor 62 . Therefore, the synergistic effect of S and N 63,64 is the main role in improving the electrochemical performance of the PPy‐ co ‐TbT copolymer electrode. The power density and energy density of the PPy‐ co ‐TbT, PPy, and PTbT were also calculated to further evaluate and compare their electrochemical properties.…”

Graphene Nanosphere as Advanced Electrode Material to Promote High Performance Symmetrical Supercapacitor

“…The suitable size distribution and geometry of pores greatly affect the diffusion pathways and power density. Numerous methods including KOH activation, [4,5] ionic liquid-derived method, [6] electrochemical activation, [7] ZnCl 2 penetration, [8] hightemperature chlorination of carbides, [9,10] template method, [11][12][13] biomass and resin decomposition, [14,15] template and biomass combined method, [16] and laser direct writing method [17] have been adopted to obtain high specific area of carbon or graphene materials with certain geometries and pore size distributions. Maximum capacitance for supercapacitors can be achieved when micropores of carbon electrode match the size of electrolyte ions (mostly <1 nm).…”

One-step production of N–O–P–S co-doped porous carbon from bean worms for supercapacitors with high performance

“…Furthermore, these groups can function as electrochemically active sites, which play a signicant role in boosting pseudo-faradaic reactions of electrode materials. 16,49,51 Interestingly, some phosphorus-containing functional groups are also present in the composition of BW, 52 which results that BWC and BWPCs are doped with phosphorus. The structure of the P 2p peak (Fig.…”

“…Introducing heteroatoms into carbon network is another productive way to attain excellent electrochemical performances without change the original orientation structure. 15,16 Research results indicate that the present of oxygen can signicantly enhance the wettability to electrolyte, improving the micropores accessibility of electrolyte ions, offering more active sites for reversible redox reactions, and ensuring superior capacitive properties of carbon material. 17 Moreover, both conductivity and wettability of carbon materials can be substantially promoted by introducing nitrogen into carbon skeleton, leading to better electrochemical performance.…”