“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is light emission from excited state luminophores generated by electrochemical reactions, which possesses better spatiotemporal control in comparison with chemiluminescence (Richter, 2004;Hu and Xu, 2010;Hesari and Ding, 2017;Liu et al, 2019). Because no external light illumination is required to generate ECL emission, ECL has unique advantages, such as low background and high sensitivity, et al It has manifested itself to be a powerful transduction signal for the determination of small biomolecules, DNA and protein biomarkers in biosensing and clinical diagnostics (Doeven et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2014;Lim et al, 2016;Bist et al, 2017;Ji et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019a;Jones et al, 2020). Moreover, ECL has recently emerged as a useful surface analysis technology because of its intrinsic surface-confined and surface-sensitive nature (Guo et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019b;Zanut et al, 2019;Ma et al, 2020).…”