Tailoring 3D modelling techniques for epigraphic texts restitution. Case studies in deteriorated roman inscriptions

A high-resolution photogrammetric workflow based on focus stacking for the 3D modeling of small Aegean inscriptions

“…Traditional documentation methods of the inscriptions, such as photographs and hand-drawings, have now been surpassed by advanced digital techniques, such as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), ultra-close-range digital photogrammetry and 3D scanning, which are fast becoming the standard methods in humanities and cultural heritage [15,22]. Among these, RTI [49] is a Computational Photography technique widely used for documenting surfaces with incisions, such as rock art, wall graffiti and epigraphs [62].…”

“…Several studies are available on the 3D reconstruction of small archaeological objects with ultra-close-range digital photogrammetry. In [15], photogrammetry is used to analyze two Roman epigraphs with 3D models, but no accuracy assessment is performed. In [52], a portable photogrammetry rig for a fast and systematic capture of images is tested on small lithic cores.…”

The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice

“…Other proof-of-concept papers have demonstrated photogrammetry's potential in reading degraded or destroyed artifact surfaces. Using 3D models, scholars improved legibility of epigraphic Roman texts through manipulation of artificial lighting parameters (Carrero-Pazos and Espinosa- Espinosa 2018). In a similar case study, Andreu and Serrano (2019) showed how photogrammetry of stellae and the virtual manipulation of model attributes-including the generation of height maps-can improve readability of weathered or damaged inscriptions.…”

“…The technique is sufficiently accessible that it may be used by nonspecialized field crews during rock art survey and documentation, as well as by avocational archaeologists participating in site monitoring schemes (Davis et al 2017; Johnson and Solis 2016; Lynch et al 2017). Building on the difficulty of visualizing wall modifications like engravings, 3D models derived from photogrammetry allowed a manipulation of shading that improves readings of rock art panels (Carrero-Pazos and Espinosa-Espinosa 2018). Height maps generated using Agisoft permitted other rock art researchers to distinguish between prehistoric and historic engravings (López et al 2019).…”