It is well established that dynamin is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis, but relatively little is known about possible intracellular functions of this GTPase. Using confocal imaging, we found that endogenous dynamin was associated with the plasma membrane, the trans-Golgi network, and a perinuclear cluster of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR)-containing structures. By electron microscopy (EM), it was shown that these structures were late endosomes and that the endogenous dynamin was preferentially localized to tubulovesicular appendices on these late endosomes. Upon induction of the dominant-negative dynK44A mutant, confocal microscopy demonstrated a redistribution of the CI-MPR in mutantexpressing cells. Quantitative EM analysis of the ratio of CI-MPR to lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 in endosome profiles revealed a higher colocalization of the two markers in dynK44A-expressing cells than in control cells. Western blot analysis showed that dynK44A-expressing cells had an increased cellular procathepsin D content. Finally, EM revealed that in dynK44A-expressing cells, endosomal tubules containing CI-MPR were formed. These results are in contrast to recent reports that dynamin-2 is exclusively associated with endocytic structures at the plasma membrane. They suggest instead that endogenous dynamin also plays an important role in the molecular machinery behind the recycling of the CI-MPR from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, and we propose that dynamin is required for the final scission of vesicles budding from endosome tubules.
INTRODUCTIONThe cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) transports newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes, where the acidic pH causes release of the ligand, making the receptor free to recycle to the TGN (Duncan and Kornfeld, 1988;Goda and Pfeffer, 1988). The CI-MPR recycling from endosomes to the TGN seems to be a strictly controlled event. Rab9 is essential for the transport between endosomes and the TGN (Lombardi et al., 1993;Riederer et al., 1994;Diaz et al., 1997), and ␣-SNAP and NSF stimulate the in vitro transport of CI-MPR from endosomes (Itin et al., 1997). Although budding of clathrin-coated vesicles from endosomes has been reported (Stoorvogel et al., 1996), clathrin does not seem to be required for the transport of CI-MPR from late endosomes to the TGN (Draper et al., 1990;Goda and Pfeffer, 1991) in a reconstituted cell-free system (Goda and Pfeffer, 1988). Recently, a new protein, called TIP47, was found to be important for the endosomal sorting of CI-MPR, probably by acting in cargo selection (Diaz and Pfeffer, 1998). The recruitment of TIP47 is enhanced in the presence of GTP␥S, indicating that a GTPase could be involved in the budding step (Diaz and Pfeffer, 1998). The budding step also seems to require ETF-1, an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor different from NSF (Goda and Pfeffer, 1991). ETF-1 is needed at an early stage of the formation of recycling vesicles, and ...