Taenia crassiceps infection abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Helminth Parasites Alter Protection againstPlasmodiumInfection

“…Similarly, Ascaris lumbricoides reduces the response to the oral cholera vaccine, which can be restored by albendazole treatment [102]. However, helminthic infections are beneficial in the control of excessive inflammatory reactions, such as Crohn's disease [103] and ulcerative colitis [104], as well as in allergic diseases [105–107] and autoimmune diseases, such as encephalomyelitis [108, 109] and arthritis [110]. …”

Increased Accumulation of Regulatory Granulocytic Myeloid Cells in Mannose Receptor C Type 1-Deficient Mice Correlates with Protection in a Mouse Model of Neurocysticercosis

“…Perhaps more importantly, MRC1 deficiency leads to granulocytes with a regulatory phenotype and less severe disease. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms leading to this phenotype may well lead to new therapeutic interventions in NCC (72,73).…”

Parasitic Helminths as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Autoimmune Disorders

“…In that study, B cells from IL-10-deficient mice as well as from wildtype mice conferred protection against EAE. The involvement of AAMΦ is also plausible, because AAMΦ markers are increased in the brain in T. crassiceps-infected EAE mice (Reyes et al, 2011). In addition, abrogation of schistosome-induced anti-encephalitogenic effects in STAT6-deficient mice (Sewell et al, 2003) might support the importance of AAM Φ.…”

“…According to Sewell et al (2003), the intra-peritoneal injection of schistosome eggs protected mice from EAE, whereas La Flamme et al (2003), reported that a similar injection did not have protective effect. In general, a down-regulation of both Th17 and Th1 cytokine expression has been demonstrated (Walsh et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2010;Reyes et al, 2011) except in papers published before the emergence of the Th17 concept (Sewell et al, 2003;La Flamme et al, 2003). Regarding cellular involvement in the suppression, B cells highly expressing CD23 were shown to be responsible for EAE suppression in adoptive transfer experiments.…”

“…Antiencephalitogenic effects have been observed in all three groups of parasitic helminths; i.e. nematodes (Heligmosomoides polygyrus , Trichinella spiralis (GrudenMovsesijan et al, 2008), Trichinella pseudospiralis ), trematodes (Schistosoma japonicum (Zheng et al, 2008), Schistosoma mansoni (Sewell et al, 2003;La Flamme et al, 2003), Fasciola hepatica (Walsh et al, 2009)) and cestodes (Taenia crassiceps) (Reyes et al, 2011). Among them, there are some distinct results in the effects of schistosomes.…”