Tadpole Body Zones Differ with Regard to Strike Frequencies and Kill Rates by Dragonfly Naiads

Johnson, Kristen E.; Eidietis, Laura

doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2005)005[0909:tbzdwr]2.0.co;2

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Escape responses were stimulated by a manual, dorsal poke to the BTI. When tadpole movement is not impeded by the grasp of the predator (as described in Johnson and Eidietis, 2005), the tadpole motions resemble those of TSRs elicited via contact with a blunt instrument under laboratory conditions (as in Azizi and Landberg, 2002;Fitzpatrick et al, 2003;Hale, '99). Up to five TSRs were induced within a 2 hr period for wood frogs and American toads; the trial period was 4 hr for bullfrogs, because bullfrogs moved to the center of the experimental arena less frequently.…”

Section: Animal Protocolmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Tadpoles tend not to initiate TSRs until contacted (Pritchard, '65;Van Buskirk and McCollum, 2000;Zottoli et al, 2001;Teplitsky et al, 2005;Johnson and Eidietis, in press). Breaking contact is initially a matter of quickly accelerating before the predator fully gains control of tadpole movement (Figiel and Semlitsch, '91;Johnson and Eidietis, 2005). All species' tadpoles most probably benefit from a greater ability to move out of contact with a predator before the predator gains control of tadpole motion.…”

Section: Intraspecific Variation In Acceleration Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The tactile‐stimulated startle response of tadpoles: acceleration performance and its relationship to the anatomy of wood frog (Rana sylvatica), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles

Eidietis¹

2006

J. Exp. Zool.

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I described the tactile-stimulated startle response (TSR) of wood frog (Rana sylvatica), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles. One purpose was to rank species in terms of maximum acceleration performance. Also, I tested whether anatomical indicators of performance potential were predictive of realized performance. TSRs were elicited in a laboratory setting, filmed at 250 Hz, and digitally analyzed. TSRs began with two, initial body curls during which tadpoles showed a broad spectrum of movement patterns. TSR performance was quantified by maximum linear acceleration and maximum rotational acceleration of the head/body, both of which tended to occur immediately upon initiation of motion (< 0.012 sec into the response). Bullfrog tadpoles had higher maximum acceleration than the other species, but other interspecific differences were not significant. The species' rank order for the anatomical indicator of linear acceleration potential was bullfrog > wood frog > American toad. The species' rank order for the anatomical indicator of rotational acceleration potential was bullfrog > wood frog = American toad. Thus, the anatomical indicators roughly predicted the rank order of interspecific average performance. However, the anatomical indicators did not correlate with individual tadpole performance. Variability in behavioral patterns may obscure the connection between anatomy and performance. This is seen in the current lack of intraspecific correlation between a morphological indicator of acceleration capacity and acceleration performance.

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Section: Animal Protocolmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Intraspecific Variation In Acceleration Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The tactile‐stimulated startle response of tadpoles: acceleration performance and its relationship to the anatomy of wood frog (Rana sylvatica), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles

Eidietis¹

2006

J. Exp. Zool.

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“…A deep tail is a prominent feature of tadpoles exposed to odonate predators and is strongly correlated with survival in the presence of predators (Van Buskirk & Relyea, 1998;Van Buskirk & McCollum, 1999). Its functional role has become the topic of much debate and two hypotheses have emerged to explain how it contributes to tadpole fitness in a predator environment: (1) it improves escape swimming performance (McCollum & Leimberger, 1997;Dayton et al, 2005;Teplitsky et al, 2005;Wilson et al, 2005); and/or (2) it acts as a lure to draw predators away from the more vulnerable body region (Doherty et al, 1998;Blair & Wassersug, 2000;Hoff & Wassersug, 2000;Van Buskirk et al, 2003;Johnson & Eidietis, 2005). Research has produced evidence that supports the tail lure hypothesis (Van Buskirk et al, 2003;Johnson et al, 2008), and therefore, tadpoles that possess a deep tail have a better chance of survival during an encounter with a odonate predator via this mechanism.…”

Section: The Effect Of Uv-b On the Development Of Predator-induced Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of predation enhances the lethal effects of UV‐B in amphibians

Alton

Wilson

Franklin

2010

Global Change Biology

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Amphibian declines are a prominent part of the global biodiversity crisis and have received special consideration because they have occurred relatively recently, on a global scale, and in seemingly pristine habitats where no obvious anthropogenic cause is apparent. Although several causes for declines have been implicated, the isolation of a singular cause has proven elusive. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that complex interactions between multiple environmental stressors, particularly those associated with global change, may be responsible. Increasing ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) associated with stratospheric ozone depletion is one such stressor that has received considerable attention. UV-B causes enhanced lethal effects when combined with other factors such as aquatic pH, contaminants, temperature and pathogens, but little is known of how UV-B interacts with pervasive biological stressors, such as risk of predation. We exposed Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles to UV-B and predatory chemical cues in a controlled laboratory experiment to determine their independent and interactive effects on survival and morphology. We show that UV-B and risk of predation interact synergistically to enhance mortality above the additive effects of the independent stressors, and that exposure to UV-B affects the ability of tadpoles to morphologically respond to predatory chemical cues (i.e. predator-induced phenotypic plasticity), which has implications for their survival in an environment with predators. This highlights the importance of considering both anthropogenic and naturally occurring stressors when examining the underlying causes of amphibian declines.

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“…First, tadpole morphology may influence swimming performance (e.g., burst speed; McCollum and Leimberger 1997; Richardson 2001, 2002; Trembath and Anholt 2001; Teplitsky et al 2004; Dayton et al 2005; Wilson et al 2005), which can influence predator escape (Feder 1983; Watkins 1996; Kaplan and Phillips 2006). Second, a deep tailfin at mid‐length acts as a lure attracting predators away from the more vulnerable body (Doherty et al 1998; Blair and Wassersug 2000; Hoff and Wassersug 2000; Van Buskirk et al 2003; Johnson and Eidietis 2005). Experimental manipulation using model tadpoles has convincingly demonstrated the nature and efficacy of the tail lure effect (Van Buskirk et al 2003).…”

Section: Anuran Morphological Variation and Survival With Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Form, Function, and Fitness: Pathways to Survival

Johnson¹,

Burt

DeWitt³

2008

Evolution

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Two hypotheses have been considered in the literature regarding how anuran morphology reduces predation risk: by (1) improving escape swimming performance, or (2) using the tail as a lure to draw predator strikes away from the body of the tadpole. We investigated these hypotheses using a modification of the morphology, performance, and fitness path analysis of Arnold (1983, Am. Zool. 23:347-361). Indirect effects of morphology on fitness, as mediated by burst swimming speed, as well as direct paths from morphology to survival with dragonfly larvae were included in the path model. Tadpole morphology did affect burst swimming speed, however, burst swimming speed did not influence survival. Fast tadpoles were larger overall, had long tails, deep tail muscles, and proportionally small bodies. In addition, a shape trait similar to published descriptions of the tail lure morphology had a direct relationship with survival. Thus, only the tail lure effect was supported. This study documents the utility of analyzing multiple trait effects and demonstrates that including direct paths between traits and fitness in the morphology, performance, and fitness path model allows evaluation of alternative hypothesis of selection.

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Tadpole Body Zones Differ with Regard to Strike Frequencies and Kill Rates by Dragonfly Naiads

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

The tactile‐stimulated startle response of tadpoles: acceleration performance and its relationship to the anatomy of wood frog (Rana sylvatica), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles

The tactile‐stimulated startle response of tadpoles: acceleration performance and its relationship to the anatomy of wood frog (Rana sylvatica), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles

Risk of predation enhances the lethal effects of UV‐B in amphibians

Form, Function, and Fitness: Pathways to Survival

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