Tabún, sarín, somán, VX y novichoks: agentes neurotóxicos organofosforados con finalidad bélica o criminal

Belvís, R.; Morollón, Noemí; Cortés-Vicente, Elena; Morán, Indalecio

doi:10.24875/kranion.m22000030

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 46 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…There is a great variability in the lethality of toxins, whose poisonous properties are usually measured in LD 50 , namely the lethal dose expressed in mass per kg of the victim's body in 50% of cases. From the data gathered by Colonel David R. Franz [17] in a manual of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute, one can observe that the most poisonous toxins of bacterial origin have an LD 50 in the range of 0.001-0.002 µg/kg, a value smaller by several magnitude orders in comparison to the one of the mostly toxic CWs, cholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents), such as VX, Sarin and Soman [18,19], whose LD 50 lies in the range of 15-100 µg/kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and Inorganic Biocidal Energetic Materials for Agent Defeat Weapons: An Overview and Research Perspectives

et al. 2023

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A critical survey concerning biocidal energetics is proposed according to a classification depending on their chemical structure. The need of optimizing the performances of such compounds is an important target for the inertization of biological weapons, requiring a synergy between the thermal effects of combustion/detonation with the biocidal effects of reaction products released into the environment. The main physicochemical aspects related to the synthesis technique, the thermodynamic variables and the antimicrobial activity have been discussed and compared. In particular, different kinds of biocides have been taken into account, with particular attention to the role of iodine as one of the most promising and eco-friendly chemical species to this purpose, in line with the paradigms of environmental protection and the rational utilization of chemicals. Furthermore, the protocols adopted to assess the effectiveness of biocidal agents have been thoroughly examined according to the recent studies proposed by some of the most reputable research groups in the field. Finally, some insights for future investigations are proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and Inorganic Biocidal Energetic Materials for Agent Defeat Weapons: An Overview and Research Perspectives

et al. 2023

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Current Perspectives on the Management of Patients Poisoned With Novichok: A Scoping Review

Blom,

Wingelaar

2023

Military Medicine

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Introduction Nerve agents have emerged as a global threat since their discovery in the 1930s, posing severe risks due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and the subsequent accumulation of acetylcholine in nerve synapses. Despite the enforcement of the Chemical Weapon Convention to control chemical weapons, including nerve agents, recent events, such as the Novichok attacks on Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny, have highlighted the persistent threat. Novichok, a distinct class of nerve agents, raises specific concerns regarding its management due to limited understanding. This article aims to comprehensively analyze existing literature. Materials and Methods A scoping review was employed to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge on managing patients poisoned with Novichok. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, relevant literature was identified in peer-reviewed journals covering symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, decontamination, and long-term effects. Searches were conducted on February 1, 2023, across four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) using “Novichok” as a keyword. No restrictions were applied, and additional studies were sought from the references of identified papers. Eligible papers included discussions on Novichok or its specific properties impacting management, regardless of study type, language, or publication date, while those unrelated to the study’s conceptual framework were excluded. Results A total of 170 records were identified from the initial database search, with 86 studies screened after removing duplicates. Among these, 28 publications met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. An additional relevant study was identified from the citation lists of included studies, bringing the total to 29. The review encompasses studies published from 2018 onwards, indicating the growing interest in this topic. While most studies are reviews on Novichok or nerve agents in general, several theoretical and experimental investigations were also found. Conclusion This review highlights the significant uncertainties and knowledge gaps surrounding the management of patients poisoned with Novichok. While some aspects align with other nerve agents, limited research likely due to safety and ethical challenges leads to assumptions and uncertainties in patient care. The review identifies areas with ongoing research, such as decontamination and biomarker recognition, while other aspects remain understudied. The possible inefficacy of current treatment options and the need for further research on oximes, bioscavengers, and long-term effects emphasize the necessity for increased research to optimize patient outcomes. More studies are essential to clarify the actual threat and toxicity of Novichok. Moreover, raising awareness among medical staff is crucial for early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and safety. This review offers valuable insights into managing Novichok-poisoned patients and calls for increased research and awareness in this critical area.

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Tabún, sarín, somán, VX y novichoks: agentes neurotóxicos organofosforados con finalidad bélica o criminal

Cited by 2 publications

References 46 publications

Organic and Inorganic Biocidal Energetic Materials for Agent Defeat Weapons: An Overview and Research Perspectives

Organic and Inorganic Biocidal Energetic Materials for Agent Defeat Weapons: An Overview and Research Perspectives

Current Perspectives on the Management of Patients Poisoned With Novichok: A Scoping Review

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