Tabulation of Toxicity Classes

Hodge, Harold C.; Sterner, James H.

doi:10.1080/00968204909344159

Cited by 154 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…Casearin X was called initially as Casearin U (FAPESP et al 2003, Santos 2008. Besides protecting the stomach mucosa, the ethanolic extract shows a LD 50 value of 1842 mg/kg (Basile et al 1990), a value considered slightly toxic according to toxicity categories established for humans by Hodge and Sterner (1949). Some subacute toxicity assays exhibited promising outcomes, since doses 2.5 fold higher (143.9 mg/kg/day of body weight) show effectiveness as anti-ulcer agent without altering physiological parameters, such as water and food intake, body weight gain and key organ relative weights after thirty days of ethanolic extract oral administration (Basile et al 1990).…”

Section: Anti-ulcer Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Folk uses and pharmacological properties of Casearia sylvestris: a medicinal review

Ferreira

Costa-Lotufo

Moraes

et al. 2011

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

103

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Folk uses and scientific investigations have highlighted the importance of Casearia sylvestris extracts and their relevant bioactive potential. The aim of this work was to review the pharmacological properties of C. sylvestris, emphasizing its anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ophidian and antitumor potentialities. Ethanolic extracts and essential oil of their leaves have antiulcerogenic activity and reduce gastric volume without altering the stomach pH, which corroborates their consumption on gastrointestinal disorders. Leaf water extracts show phospholipase A 2 inhibitory activity that prevents damage effects on the muscular tissue after toxin inoculation. This antiphospholipasic action is probably related to the use as an anti-inflammatory, proposing a pharmacological blockage similar to that obtained with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on arachidonic acid and cyclooxygenase pathways. Bioguided-assay fractionations lead to the identification of secondary metabolites, especially the clerodane diterpenes casearins (A-X) and casearvestrins (A-C), compounds with a remarkable cytotoxic and antitumor action. Therefore, the C. sylvestris shrub holds a known worldwide pharmacological arsenal by its extensive folk utilization, exciting searches for new molecules and a better comprehension about biological properties.

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Section: Anti-ulcer Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Folk uses and pharmacological properties of Casearia sylvestris: a medicinal review

Ferreira

Costa-Lotufo

Moraes

et al. 2011

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

103

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“…Studies have demonstrated low toxicity of this water extract, with a LD 50 value of 512.8mg/kg body weight 16,48,49 . This LD 50 value is considered to be only moderately toxic when compared with toxicological human standards 50 . In addition, it is known that the seeds are capable of reducing 99.9% of the bacteria suspended in water after a 1-to-2-hour treatment 12 .…”

Section: Nutritional Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moringa oleifera: bioactive compounds and nutritional potential

et al. 2008

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This work aims to review the nutritional properties of the Moringa oleifera tree, emphasizing its main constituents and nutritional applications for humans and animals. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a cosmopolitan tree that grows in many tropical countries showing uncountable folk uses due to its various nutritional and pharmacological applications. The young leaves, flowers and pods are common vegetables in the Asian diet. All parts of this plant are renewable sources of tocopherols (γ and α), phenolic compounds, ß-carotene, vitamin C and total proteins, including the essential sulfur amino acids, methionine and cysteine. The seed protein and fat contents are higher than those reported for important grain legumes and soybean varieties, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, carbohydrates and minerals are present in the seed in reasonable amounts. In general, there are low concentrations of antinutritional factors in the plant, although the seeds possess glucosinolates (65.5µmol/g dry matter), phytates (41g/kg) and hemagglutination activity while the leaves have appreciable amounts of saponins (80g/kg), besides low quantity of phytates (21g/kg) and tannins (12g/kg). Taking into consideration the excellent nutritional properties, the low toxicity of the seeds and the excellent ability of the plant to adapt to poor soils and dry climates, Moringa oleifera can be an alternative to some leguminous seeds as a source of high-quality protein, oil and antioxidant compounds and a way to treat water in rural areas where appropriate water resources are not available.Indexing terms: Protease Inhibitors. Moringa oleifera. Nutritive value. R E S U M OO objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão sobre as propriedades nutricionais da planta Moringa oleifera, enfatizando seus principais constituintes e suas aplicações nutricionais para o homem e os animais. Moringa

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“…Liver atypical white foci detected at gross observations in the present study were revealed as relatively broaden focal necrotic foci with inflammatory cell infiltration in liver at histopathological observations. Hodge and Sterner (1949) classify as non toxic materials for those with LD 50 of 5000~15000 mg/kg and those with LD 50 of 500~5000 mg/kg as relatively low toxic (Class III) in US Environmental Protection Agency (OPPTS 870.100;1998). However, recent guideline by Korean Food and Drug Administration 2005) recommended that the highest oral dose of test materials should be 2000 mg/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Kong-Jin-Dan, a Polyherbal Formula in ICR Mice

Park¹,

hae-yun²,

Kim³

et al. 2007

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

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− The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Kong-Jin-Dan (KJD), a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. KJD was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for increases of lymphoid organ weights in KJD-dosing groups. These increases of lymphoid organ weights considered that related to the immune modulate effect of KJD not toxicological signs. In addition, no KJD-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the KJD does not cause any toxicological signs. The LD 50 and approximate LD of KJD extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg.

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Tabulation of Toxicity Classes

Cited by 154 publications

References 0 publications

Folk uses and pharmacological properties of Casearia sylvestris: a medicinal review

Folk uses and pharmacological properties of Casearia sylvestris: a medicinal review

Moringa oleifera: bioactive compounds and nutritional potential

Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Kong-Jin-Dan, a Polyherbal Formula in ICR Mice

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