“…Framing devices essentially fi lter such detail into abstractions that are culturally easy to 'read' and recognise, thereby enabling individuals to interpret, appreciate and deliberate on events in (possibly multiple, but not limitless) culturally shared, socially endorsed ways (van Gorp, 2005;Tuchman, 1978). Here, we adopt a defi nition for framing that highlights this purpose: a frame may be any conceptual tool or abstraction that enables the media and their audiences to communicate, decode and appraise information by choosing and/or highlighting some of their aspects and downplaying or omitting others (Gitlin, 1980;Neuman, Just & Crigler, 1992;Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000;Photiou, Papadopoulou, & Maniou, 2017). Framing devices in visual media (in this case, photographs) typically comprise images.…”