Tables of the Speed of Sound in Water

Greenspan, Martin; Tschiegg, Carroll E.

doi:10.1121/1.1907614

Cited by 168 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…The sound velocity in pure water at standard pressure is known with very high precision; disagreement of the data of different groups [27][28][29] is about 0.5 m/s or 0.03%. Reproducibility of the data obtained in each of these works is much better.…”

Section: F a Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pulsed phase-sensitive technique for acoustical measurements

Кожевников

Arnold

Briggs

et al. 1999

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The pulsed phase-sensitive ͑PPS͒ technique for measurements of sound velocity and attenuation in fluids and solids is reviewed. With this technique, which uses a cycle-overlap principle, a time delay is measured between any two acoustical pulses transmitted through a sample or reflected from its boundaries. A current realization of the technique allows one to resolve the time-delay variation down to 0.1 ns. Thus at relative measurements with the PPS technique, precise sound velocity data can be obtained for samples of small thickness ͑about 1 mm͒. The technique is versatile and can also be used for accurate absolute measurements. The technique is most advantageous for studies of samples with high attenuation, in particular near phase transitions and at high temperatures. The technique also allows one to measure sound attenuation with moderate accuracy. An application of the technique that employs narrow-band radio frequency ͑rf͒ bursts for relative measurements of the phase sound velocity is considered in detail. The technique is applied to studies of liquid alkali metals and mercury at temperatures up to 2100 K and pressures up to 200 MPa. As a verification of the capabilities of the technique, new results are presented on sound attenuation in mercury in the metal-nonmetal transition region. A table for sound velocity in mercury at temperatures from 550 to 1900 K and pressures up to 190 MPa is presented in the Appendix.

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Section: F a Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pulsed phase-sensitive technique for acoustical measurements

Кожевников

Arnold

Briggs

et al. 1999

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…The velocity of the coupling medium, which in this case was degassed biofilm medium at 25°C, was approximated to the velocity of distilled water and set to be 1497 m/s [75,76] while the attenuation of the same medium was set equal to the attenuation of distilled water at 25°C, 2 dB/mm [77]. The density of the medium was calculated with a microbalance and a micropipette at 25°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and quantification of bacterial biofilms combining high-frequency acoustic microscopy and targeted lipid microparticles

et al. 2014

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BackgroundImmuno-compromised patients such as those undergoing cancer chemotherapy are susceptible to bacterial infections leading to biofilm matrix formation. This surrounding biofilm matrix acts as a diffusion barrier that binds up antibiotics and antibodies, promoting resistance to treatment. Developing non-invasive imaging methods that detect biofilm matrix in the clinic are needed. The use of ultrasound in conjunction with targeted ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) may provide detection of early stage biofilm matrix formation and facilitate optimal treatment.ResultsLigand-targeted UCAs were investigated as a novel method for pre-clinical non-invasive molecular imaging of early and late stage biofilms. These agents were used to target, image and detect Staphylococcus aureus biofilm matrix in vitro. Binding efficacy was assessed on biofilm matrices with respect to their increasing biomass ranging from 3.126 × 103 ± 427 UCAs per mm2 of biofilm surface area within 12 h to 21.985 × 103 ± 855 per mm2 of biofilm matrix surface area at 96 h. High-frequency acoustic microscopy was used to ultrasonically detect targeted UCAs bound to a biofilm matrix and to assess biofilm matrix mechanoelastic physical properties. Acoustic impedance data demonstrated that biofilm matrices exhibit impedance values (1.9 MRayl) close to human tissue (1.35 - 1.85 MRayl for soft tissues). Moreover, the acoustic signature of mature biofilm matrices were evaluated in terms of integrated backscatter (0.0278 - 0.0848 mm-1 × sr-1) and acoustic attenuation (3.9 Np/mm for bound UCAs; 6.58 Np/mm for biofilm alone).ConclusionsEarly diagnosis of biofilm matrix formation is a challenge in treating cancer patients with infection-associated biofilms. We report for the first time a combined optical and acoustic evaluation of infectious biofilm matrices. We demonstrate that acoustic impedance of biofilms is similar to the impedance of human tissues, making in vivo imaging and detection of biofilm matrices difficult. The combination of ultrasound and targeted UCAs can be used to enhance biofilm imaging and early detection. Our findings suggest that the combination of targeted UCAs and ultrasound is a novel molecular imaging technique for the detection of biofilms. We show that high-frequency acoustic microscopy provides sufficient spatial resolution for quantification of biofilm mechanoelastic properties.

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“…The study of sound speed in water becomes still more important due to fact that it exhibits a maximum near 76 0 C. Some empirical relations [1][2][3][4] are available in literature to study the speed of sound in water as a function of temperature but no model or theory is available so far. Though, a model [5][6] is available to study the pressure dependence of speed of sound in liquids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%