T lymphocyte responses to flaviviruses — diverse cell populations affect tendency toward protection and disease

L, Vargas; Mathew, Anuja; Rothman, Alan L.

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.008

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, the innate immune response helps to establish adaptive immunity, which contributes to the resolution of the infection and protects from reinfection with the same flavivirus. Conversely, the pre-existing immunity to a specific flavivirus (which is cross-reactive among flaviviruses) can influence the clinical outcome in a subsequent heterologous flavivirus infection with possible immunopathological activity ( Slon Campos et al., 2018 ; Sanchez Vargas et al., 2020 ). This phenomenon is described as follows.…”

Section: Immune Response To Flavivirus Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal Vaccination: A Promising Alternative Against Flaviviruses

Lurı́a-Pérez

Sánchez-Vargas²,

Muñoz-López³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The Flaviviridae are a family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses, and their members belong to a single genus, Flavivirus. Flaviviruses are found in mosquitoes and ticks; they are etiological agents of: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Zika virus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, among others. Only a few flavivirus vaccines have been licensed for use in humans: yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease. However, improvement is necessary in vaccination strategies and in understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved either in the infection or after vaccination. This is especially important in dengue, due to the immunological complexity of its four serotypes, cross-reactive responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and immunological interference. In this context, mucosal vaccines represent a promising alternative against flaviviruses. Mucosal vaccination has several advantages, as inducing long-term protective immunity in both mucosal and parenteral tissues. It constitutes a friendly route of antigen administration because it is needle-free and allows for a variety of antigen delivery systems. This has promoted the development of several ways to stimulate immunity through the direct administration of antigens (e.g., inactivated virus, attenuated virus, subunits, and DNA), non-replicating vectors (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes, bacterial ghosts, and defective-replication viral vectors), and replicating vectors (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Lactococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and viral vectors). Because of these characteristics, mucosal vaccination has been explored for immunoprophylaxis against pathogens that enter the host through mucosae or parenteral areas. It is suitable against flaviviruses because this type of immunization can stimulate the parenteral responses required after bites from flavivirus-infected insects. This review focuses on the advantages of mucosal vaccine candidates against the most relevant flaviviruses in either humans or animals, providing supporting data on the feasibility of this administration route for future clinical trials.

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Section: Immune Response To Flavivirus Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal Vaccination: A Promising Alternative Against Flaviviruses

Lurı́a-Pérez

Sánchez-Vargas²,

Muñoz-López³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Over 90% of severe cases occur during a secondary infection and it is well recognized that prior immunity constitutes one of the strongest risk factors for severe disease. The mechanism(s) underlying this risk remain a point of debate ( 5 , 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Analysis of Dengue Virus–Specific Memory T Cell Responses and Their Association With Clinical Outcome in Subsequent DENV Infection

et al. 2021

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Memory T cells resulting from primary dengue virus (DENV) infection are hypothesized to influence the clinical outcome of subsequent DENV infection. However, the few studies involving prospectively collected blood samples have found weak and inconsistent associations with outcome and variable temporal trends in DENV-specific memory T cell responses between subjects. This study used both ex-vivo and cultured ELISPOT assays to further evaluate the associations between DENV serotype-cross-reactive memory T cells and severity of secondary infection. Using ex-vivo ELISPOT assays, frequencies of memory T cells secreting IFN-γ in response to DENV structural and non-structural peptide pools were low in PBMC from multiple time points prior to symptomatic secondary DENV infection and showed a variable response to infection. There were no differences in responses between subjects who were not hospitalized (NH, n=6) and those who were hospitalized with dengue hemorrhagic fever (hDHF, n=4). In contrast, responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were more reliably detectable prior to secondary infection and showed more consistent increases after infection. Responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were higher in individuals with hDHF (n=8) compared to NH (n=9) individuals before the secondary infection, with no difference between these groups after infection. These data demonstrate an association of pre-existing DENV-specific memory responses with the severity of illness in subsequent DENV infection, and suggest that frequencies of DENV-reactive T cells measured after short-term culture may be of particular importance for assessing the risk for more severe dengue disease.

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