T-helper 2-cytokine levels in women with threatened abortion

Study of TH 1 and TH 2 activity in women with threatened miscarriages

“…10 Low IL6 values have been also encountered by others in women with threatened miscarriage as in our study. 12 However, few have come across elevated circulating IL-1B and TNF-α and unaltered IL-6 in first trimester pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage with an adverse pregnancy outcome. 13 They concluded that this distinct immune response was relevant to predict negative outcome of pregnancy.…”

Circulating levels of cytokines during pregnancy: thrombopoietin is elevated in miscarriage

“…Previous studies suggesting altered cytokine production in miscarriage have included small study populations, evaluated few factors, and/or utilized samples collected at diagnosis of miscarriage, subsequent to fetal demise (5,11,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Given the ambiguous findings regarding the association among Th1 and Th2 cytokines and miscarriage, the complex biological interplay between these factors, and the lack of information regarding the relation between TPO and miscarriage, we evaluated the hypothesis that cytokine levels are altered in miscarriage using a large number of serum samples collected prior to report of miscarriage for simultaneous assessment of multiple cytokines.…”

Effects of Bai zhu san (Atractylodis macrocephalae) decoction on cellular immunity and Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio in a Mifepristone-induced murine abortion model

“…However, how BZS exerts its anti-abortive function is as yet unknown. Many studies have demonstrated that cytokines play an important role during pregnancy, by creating microenvironments that modulate maternal immune responses (Jacques and Qureshi 1998;Jiang and Vacchio 1998;Paradisi et al 2003;Chaouat et al 2009;Dourado et al 2010). Therefore, the interrelation between BZS and changes in the maternal immune response may be significant for the mechanism of action of BZS in preventing abortion.…”

“…The self-nonself model of immune recognition during maternal pregnancy is now widely accepted. Maternal immune suppression has been suggested to explain a successful mammalian pregnancy in this model and the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines during pregnancy has been intensively studied (Paradisi et al 2003;Zenclussen et al 2003;Quinn et al 2004;Curry et al 2008;Fukui et al 2008). Thus, the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines appears to be very important for the acceptance of the foetus by the maternal immunity (Wegmann et al 1993;Saito 2000).…”

“…Successful embryo development has been immunologically attributed to a T-helper 2 phenomenon and studies have confirmed the existence of a T-helper 2-type pattern deficiency in missed abortions (Paradisi et al 2003;Wang et al 2010;Yang et al 2011). Sporadic spontaneous abortion, recurrent spontaneous abortions, early pregnancy loss or implantation failures pose serious problems for mammalian reproduction.…”