T Helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 Responses toLeishmania majorLipophosphoglycan 3

Abstract

Leishmania major is the main causal agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) that remains a serious public health concern in many tropical and subtropical countries. A long-lasting protective vaccine against leishmaniasis remains as a medical unmet need. Lipophosphoglycan 3 (LPG3) is one of the class II LPG genes from HSP90 family involved in the host immune responses. The aim of the present study is to investigate the capability of recombinant LPG3 (rLPG3) to induce Th1, Th2, Th17 responses. The results showed that rLPG3 in moderate and high concentrations significantly induced expression of Th1 lineage-specific transcription factor (T-bet) and cytokine (IFN-γ)(P < 0.05). Moreover, the Th1-stimulating effect of rLPG3 was confirmed by significant induction of IFN-γ secretion from treated T cells (P < 0.01). However, no significant effect of rLPG3 on Th2 and Th17 lineage cells was observed even in high concentration. Our findings demonstrate that rLPG3 induces Th1, but not Th2 and Th17, lineage responses. Further studies are needed to investigate adjuvant properties of rLPG3 for leishmania therapy.

Intrahepatic T helper 17 cells recruited by hepatitis B virus X antigen‐activated hepatic stellate cells exacerbate the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

“…CD4 + Th cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, have protective and pathological functions that are dependent on their cytokines. For instance, Th1 cells show antifibrotic and antineoplastic properties by producing interferon (IFN)‐γ, whereas Th2 cells are associated with allergic reactions and promotion of fibrosis and tumourigenesis by secreting IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 7,8 . Th17 cells are implicated in multiple immune reactions, 4,9 including infectious inflammation, autoimmune diseases, 10 tissue repair, 8,11 and cancer, 12,13 through production of the effector cytokines IL‐17A‐F (six family members), IL‐22, and IL‐21.…”

Oral Vaccination of Mice With Trichinella spiralis Putative Serine Protease and Murine Interleukin-4 DNA Delivered by Invasive Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Elicits Protective Immunity

“…IFN-γ induces eosinophil activation and enhances the cytotoxicity of macrophages against T. spiralis NBL, while IL-4 participates in the excretion of T. spiralis adult worm. Thus, a mixed Th1/Th2 response mediates protection against T. spiralis infection ( Miahipour et al, 2016 ; Tharmalingam et al, 2016 ). We measured Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine levels in the spleen and MLNs of vaccinated mice 10 days after each immunization by indirect ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively, and the results showed that Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were elevated and reached a peak 10 days after the last immunization, indicating that the vaccine stimulated both Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses, especially in the invasive L. plantarum Ts-ADpsp-IL-4 group.…”

Clinical Significance and Properties of IFN-γ⁺IL-17⁺ Th17 Cells in Liver Injury Associated with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

“…Th17 cells, an important subset of CD4 + Th cells, are characterized by the production of cytokines related to inflammation, such as IL-17 A-F, IL-22, and IL-21 [8][9][10] and are recognized as a key cell type promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis [11][12][13][14]. The disease might deteriorate progressively, especially when an imbalance between Th17 cells and Tregs occurs [15].…”