T cell immunobiology and cytokine storm of COVID‐19

Abstract

2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents as a newly recognized pneumonia and could rapidly progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome which has brought about a global pandemic. Until now, no curative therapy has been strongly recommended for COVID-19 except for personalized supportive care. T cells and virus-specific T cells are essential to protect against virus infection, including COVID-19. Delayed immune reconstitution (IR) and cytokine storm (CS) remain serious obstacles for the cure of COVID-19. Most COVID-19 patients, especially among elderly patients, had marked lymphopenia and increased neutrophils, but T cell counts in severe COVID-19 patients surviving the disease gradually restored later. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, IL-10, IL-2 and IL-17, and exhausted Highlights • Delayed immune reconstitution (IR) and cytokine storm (CS) remain serious obstacles for the cure of COVID-19. • It suggests that Thymosin α1 and adoptive COVID-19-specific T cells could improve IR, while convalescent plasma, IL-6 blockade, mesenchymal stem cells and corticosteroids could suppress CS.

Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase

“…It remains to be shown that COVID-19 patients with anxiety have higher IL-17/ IL-17A, and if there is correlation between the levels of IL-17A and the severity of anxiety. Given what is already known about the role of IL-17 in anxiety in humans and mice, and the presence of cytokine storm in COVID-19 with increased levels of IL-17 (Luo et al 2020;Shibabaw 2020), it can be hypothesised that IL-17 plays a pathogenetic role in anxiety in COVID-19 infection. The mechanisms through which the immune system is involved in COVID-19 in anxiety are investigated, and this will have significance for development of treatments.…”

Evaluation of systemic involvement of Coronavirus disease 2019 through spleen; size and texture analysis

“…Once COVID-19 enters the spleen, a series of immune responses are initiated and multiple cytokines are released. Both virus and autoimmunity damages the immune cells of the spleen, peripheral and central lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues [2,13,14].In an autopsy study conducted in patients who died due to COVID-19, it was reported that the volume of the spleen decreased significantly [2]. Similar autopsy findings were reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] patients, too.…”

“…Most of the patients have mainly displayed pneumoniaassociated symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnoea, and myalgia [1]. However, the disease may also involve other organs, such as the gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems [1,2]. It uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a host cell receptor [3].…”

“…The spleen is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ in the human body. It is the main site for immune responses and immune cell placement, with blood filtering, blood storage, hematopoietic, and immunomodulation functions [2]. texture as a set of primitive pixels in some regular or repeated pattern.…”

Comorbidities and inflammation associated with ovarian cancer and its influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…The severely ill and deceased COVID-19 subjects show expressively lower lymphocyte (CD8+ and CD4+ T cells) levels than the survivors [39,158]; however, with the higher neutrophil counts compared to lymphocytes [103,189]. In addition, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from critically ill COVID-19 patients highly express inhibitory receptor such as T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) and Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) [109,212,214]. The increased level of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 is inversely correlated with the decreased T cell population [85,135] and IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 were reported to upregulate PD-1 expression on T cells [91].…”