T‐ and B‐cell subsets in periodontitis

Abstract

A large amount of information is available, in the medical literature, on the molecular and immunological mechanisms in which T- and B-cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. This review attempts to describe the most important features of the T-cell subsets and their cytokine networks in periodontitis, including the interaction of pathogens with different cell subsets and their gene-expression profiles. Additionally, the known interactions of T- and B-cell subsets in periodontitis are described. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the cell interactions and cytokine networks specifically involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and models and paradigms from recent research in this area are presented. However, the review of the literature also revealed that relatively little is known about the genetic or structural factors that confer cross-reactivity of natural and/or autoreactive antibodies in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis. Pathogens, in turn, are continuously evolving and creating mechanisms to evade immunological reactions controlled and modulated by T- and B-cells.

The therapeutic potential of regulatory T lymphocytes in periodontitis: A systematic review

“…Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with an important microbial component in which the immuno‐inflammatory response against dysbiotic subgingival biofilm leads to alveolar bone resorption, resulting in tooth loss. Although bacterial dysbiosis is the principal cause of periodontitis initiation, periodontal tissue breakdown is mainly determined by the host's immuno‐inflammatory response, where the T‐lymphocyte subpopulations play an important role in tooth‐supporting alveolar bone resorption …”

“…Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) play a key role in the homeostatic control of the host's immuno‐inflammatory response by suppressing the proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells, mainly T helper (Th)1 and Th17 lymphocytes . Nonetheless, their role during the pathogenesis of periodontitis has not been fully clarified.…”

“…Nonetheless, their role during the pathogenesis of periodontitis has not been fully clarified. In fact, the scarcity of human evidence, as well as the heterogeneity among different animal models assessing the role of Tregs during the pathogenesis of periodontitis, prevents the precise interpretation of their function and their potential to suppress immuno‐inflammatory‐driven alveolar bone resorption . Furthermore, it is unclear the level of risk of bias (RoB) and the comprehensiveness of reporting in many animal experiments .…”

Immunohistochemical study of CD34 and podoplanin in periodontal disease

“…Microorganisms and their components present in the dental biofilm stimulate inflammation during injury in the periodontal tissues. In an attempt to resist this process, inflammatory cells migrate to the affected area to prevent the action of aggressive agent . In addition to cell migration, vascular changes occur at the site of injury in the cases of periodontal disease owing to the presence of the dental biofilm.…”

“…Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are vascular events that occur during gingival inflammation owing to the release of by‐products by the microorganisms present in the dental biofilm as well as the migration of defense cells and secretion of inflammatory mediators at the site of aggression …”