T

Macdonald, F. M.; Lingard, V. M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7270-5_19

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1,217 publications

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“…The etiology of CD remains unknown (6)(7)(8)(9). However, there is a consensus that cytokines play pivotal (10)(11)(12)(13), if on occasions apparently conflicting (12,(14)(15)(16), roles in the clinical manifestations of CD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence for two forms of Crohn disease.

Gilberts¹,

Greenstein²,

Katsel³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that there are two forms of Crohn disease (CD): perforating and nonperforating. We hypothesized that, just as with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, differences in the two forms of CD would be both identified and determined by differences in the host immune response. Resected intestinal tissue from control patients as well as perforating and nonperforating CD patients was evaluated for mRNA levels. We employed 32p PCR amplification with published or custom-designed primers of a housekeeping gene (13-actin); a human T-cell marker (CD3-6); and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor a, transforming growth factor (3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL) 1(3, IL-lra, and IL-6. Differences were identified with IL-1,B (control = 162 ± 57 vs. perforating = 464 ± 154 vs. nonperforating = 12,582 ± 4733; P c 0.02) and IL-lra (control = 1337 ± 622 vs. perforating = 2194 ± 775 vs. nonperforating = 9715 ± 2988; P < 0.02). These data corroborate the epidemiological observation that there are two forms of CD. Nonperforating CD, the more benign form, is associated with increased IL-1,B and IL-lra mRNA expression. We conclude that it is the host immune response that determines which form of CD becomes manifest in any given individual and discuss the investigative, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications of these observations.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence for two forms of Crohn disease.

Gilberts¹,

Greenstein²,

Katsel³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Intestinal vasculitis has also been implicated (3). Proposed infectious causes include persistent measles virus (4) and mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the etiology of Crohn disease.

Mishina¹,

Katsel²,

Brown³

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

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“…Land is the space of nature and the knowledge of indigenous peoples is related to the nature. They know how to use land to assure the succession of the forest (Macdonald, Irvine, & Arand, 1993). For these reason, territory is a more appropriate term to use from an indigenous perspective regarding indigenous lands, since territory implies the existence of government and politics over it.…”

Section: Land Versusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pueblos Indi?genas Y Desarrollo: El Rol De La Consulta Previa en Los Pai?ses Andinos

Hernández Vidal

2014

penamer

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Los estados son garantes de los derechos indi?genas al mismo tiempo que deben facilitar la explotacio?n de los recursos naturales para mantener el crecimiento de las economi?as nacionales. Hoy los pueblos indi?genas andinos utilizan el lenguaje de los colonizadores en los espacios poli?ticos para expresar sus propias ideas sobre el desarrollo y resistir la explotacio?n de los recursos naturales. Hay un proceso de coordinacio?n poli?tica entre los pueblos indi?genas que fomenta resistencia en contra de los cambios que promueve el desarrollo. En este arti?culo se propone una posicio?n cri?tica frente a la consulta previa segu?n la cual ella se constituye como una estructura que promueve el asentamiento progresivo de los paradigmas del desarrollo en territorio indi?gena. Tiene como objetivo llamar la atencio?n sobre el cara?cter neutral de la consulta previa. Abstract States are guarantors of indigenous rights at the same time they encourage the exploitation of natural resources to sustain the growth of national economies. Andean indigenous peoples use the language of the colonizers in political spaces to express their own ideas about development and resist the exploitation of natural resources. There is a political process of coordination among indigenous peoples that promotes resistance against the changes endorsed by development. In this article, a critical position about prior consultation is proposed, according to which prior consultation constitutes a structure that promotes the progressive establishment of development paradigms within indigenous territories. This article aims to draw attention to the neutral nature of prior consultation.

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T

Cited by 3 publications

References 1,217 publications

Molecular evidence for two forms of Crohn disease.

Molecular evidence for two forms of Crohn disease.

On the etiology of Crohn disease.

Pueblos Indi?genas Y Desarrollo: El Rol De La Consulta Previa en Los Pai?ses Andinos

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