T 90 Measurement of Co-C, Pt-C, and Re-C High-Temperature Fixed Points at the NIM

Yuan, Z.; Wang, T.; Lu, X.; Wei, Dong; Bai, C.; Hao, Xiaopeng; Duan, Yulong

doi:10.1007/s10765-011-0993-z

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The nominal centre wavelength of the pyrometer was approximately 660 nm with a bandwidth of 11.2 nm. Scale realization uncertainties from 962 qC to 2474 qC were reported in [8]. A three-zone furnace, with a sodium heat-pipe liner and the modified Chino IR80 furnace were utilized to realize the silver point and WC-C cells, respectively.…”

Section: Measurements At Nimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral ITS-90 comparison at WC-C peritectic fixed point between NIM and NPL

Wei¹,

Lowe²,

Lu³

et al. 2013

AIP Conference Proceedings

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Improvements in the realization of the ITS-90 over the temperature range from the melting point of gallium to the freezing point of silver at NIM Abstract. The WC-C peritectic fixed point, nominal melting and freezing temperature 2747 qC, shows extremely good metrological potential. Elsewhere, we published a prototype scale comparison of the ITS-90 between NPL, NIM and CEM, using high temperature eutectic fixed points (HTFPs) of Co-C (1324 qC), Pt-C (1738 qC), and Re-C (2474 qC). In this paper we present the further results of the bilateral comparison of the ITS-90 at an even higher temperature, 2747 qC, between NIM and NPL using WC-C peritectic fixed points. A NIM single zone high temperature furnace, model Chino IR-80, was modified to extend its temperature to 2800 qC. Then, an NPL researcher, on secondment to NIM, filled two WC-C cells in the modified furnace in a vertical position. The two WC-C cells were then realized in the same furnace, in an horizontal position. Their melting temperatures, defined by the inflection point of the melting curves, were measured by a linear pyrometer, model NIM-PSP. NIM's ITS-90 scale was assigned to the two cells, which were then transported to NPL. The realization of NPL's ITS-90 was then assigned to the two cells by using a model HT9500 Thermogauge furnace to realize the fixed points and a linear pyrometer, model LP3, to determine their temperature. The difference from the mean value of the NIM and NPL ITS-90 values for the WC-C points was derived. This allowed us to compare ITS-90 as realized by the two institutes and to determine the uncertainty in the scale comparison..

show abstract

Section: Measurements At Nimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral ITS-90 comparison at WC-C peritectic fixed point between NIM and NPL

Wei¹,

Lowe²,

Lu³

et al. 2013

AIP Conference Proceedings

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A silver fixed-point blackbody is utilized as the ITS-90 defining fixed point for the NIM scale [10]. For the measurements reported here, the primary standard pyrometer of NIM (NIM-PSP) [10] was used to realize the ITS-90 above the Ag point.…”

Section: Temperature Scale Of Nimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the measurements reported here, the primary standard pyrometer of NIM (NIM-PSP) [10] was used to realize the ITS-90 above the Ag point. The nominal center wavelength of the pyrometer was about 660 nm with a bandwidth of 11.2 nm.…”

Section: Temperature Scale Of Nimmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Comparison of the ITS-90 Among NPL, NIM, and CEM, Above the Silver Point Using High-Temperature Fixed Points

et al. 2010

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A prototype comparison of the ITS-90, as realized by NPL, NIM, and CEM, using high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs) of Co-C (1324 • C), Pt-C (1738 • C), and Re-C (2474 • C), is reported. The local realizations of ITS-90 temperatures were assigned by NPL, NIM, and CEM to their own set of HTFPs. NIM and CEM then transported their cells to NPL, and the ITS-90 temperatures of all three sets of cells were measured using a linear pyrometer. From these measurements, a comparison reference value (CRV) was derived. At the Co-C and Pt-C points, the deviation from the CRV was <0.1 • C for all three institutes; at the Re-C point, the deviation was <0.4 • C. These deviations are significantly less than the scale realization uncertainties ascribed by the individual institutes indicating that these uncertainty estimates are conservative and could be revised to smaller values. In addition, thermodynamic temperatures were determined for these HTFPs using the current value of the thermodynamic temperature for the copper point, namely, 1357.82 K. Given the consistent performance of the HTFPs, they should be seriously considered as scale comparison artifacts of choice when comparing primary realizations of the ITS-90 and of the thermodynamic temperature.

show abstract

“…[ 1 ] In particular, it provides an efficient and flexible way for the fabrication of 3D structures by triggering stimuli‐responsive shapeshifting of flat precursory patterns. [ 2 ] Currently, printing stimuli‐responsive polymeric materials [ 3 ] and embedding built‐in strain [ 4 ] are the two most commonly used methods to provide the precursory patterns with out‐of‐plane deformability. Despite the great progresses, however, the majority of reported methods rely on customized or expensive printing platforms, or require sophisticated chemistry to prepare the materials, constraining 4D printing from widespread applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D Printing Via Multispeed Fused Deposition Modeling

Wang

Luo

Huang

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

filament materials. The FDM printing process is shown in Figure 1a where melted thermoplastic polymeric filament is extruded from hot nozzle and later experiences rapid solidification at build platform. Zhang et al. [5] first reported that the extruded polylactic acid (PLA) filaments exhibited significant heat-induced shrinkage (Figure 1b) and attributed this deformation to the release of built-in tensile strain created upon printing. Since then, this mechanism attracts increasing attention in the realm of 4D printing. [6] One representative example is the selffolding design where flat patterns with anisotropic filament orientations are laminated to create interlayer strainmismatch. [4b] This idea is well adopted [7] and generalized into other strategies including multimaterial FDM printing, [8] paper-assisted FDM printing, [9] thermal gradient-controlled FDM printing, [10] and feeding-rate-controlled FDM printing. [11] Besides printing orientation, some researchers observed that the moving speed of printing nozzle may also affect the built-in strain of extruded filaments. [5,8a,d,11] Taking advantage of this feature, we propose a new 4D printing strategy that utilizes printing speed gradient to embed FDM-printed patterns with interlayer mismatch strain. By tailoring the combination of printing speed, we are allowed to handily regulate the heat-induced bending of laminated patterns. To broaden the range of achievable bending curvature, we further investigate the effects of nozzle temperature, build platform temperature, and layer thickness on the built-in strain of FDM extruded filaments. With these optimized parameters, we fabricate several flat precursory patterns that employ embedded bending elements to drive themselves into complex 3D geometries. Compared with manipulating filament orientation of different layers, our approach takes less efforts because it simplifies the tedious procedure of generating G-code. Overall, we provide an efficient and economical way of realizing 4D printing, rendering potential applications in deployable structures and biomedical devices. Results and Discussion Effects of FDM Printing Parameters on Built-In StrainPrior to investigating the effect of printing speed on heatinduced shrinkage, we first determine the optimized activation temperature that enables the 3D-printed PLA samples to fully release the built-in strain. Herein, the activation temperature 4D printing is an advanced technology that aims to endow the additively manufactured objects with time-dependent transformations. Despite the great progress in the last decade, however, there are still some technical barriers for the majority of existing 4D printing techniques including the dependency on customized or expensive 3D printers and the demand of sophisticated chemistry in the preparation of active materials. Herein, an efficient and economical 4D printing approach that adopts multispeed fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique to embed graded built-in strain into flat precursory pattern is proposed, allowing...

show abstract

T 90 Measurement of Co-C, Pt-C, and Re-C High-Temperature Fixed Points at the NIM

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Bilateral ITS-90 comparison at WC-C peritectic fixed point between NIM and NPL

Bilateral ITS-90 comparison at WC-C peritectic fixed point between NIM and NPL

A Comparison of the ITS-90 Among NPL, NIM, and CEM, Above the Silver Point Using High-Temperature Fixed Points

4D Printing Via Multispeed Fused Deposition Modeling

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About