Systems Modeling of Brazilian Sustainability with Emergy Flows Diagrams

Safonov, Paul; Comar, Vito; Ortega, Enrique

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5876-3_12

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The combined effects of multiple stressors can be evaluated in terms of how they influence the overall emergy state of the system. Emergy units have been used to evaluate watersheds (Tilley and Swank 2003), resources in West Virginia (Campbell et al 2005) and Brazil (Safonov et al 1998), and in the biosphere (Brown and Ulgiati 1999). …”

Section: Defining Common Receptors and End Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phased Approach for Assessing Combined Effects from Multiple Stressors

Menzie

MacDonell

Mumtaz

2007

Environ Health Perspect

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We present a phased approach for evaluating the effects of physical, biological, chemical, and psychosocial stressors that may act in combination. Although a phased concept is common to many risk-based approaches, it has not been explicitly outlined for the assessment of combined effects of multiple stressors. The approach begins with the development of appropriate conceptual models and assessment end points. The approach then proceeds through a screening stage wherein stressors are evaluated with respect to their potential importance as contributors to risk. Stressors are considered individually or as a combination of independent factors with respect to one or more common assessment end points. As necessary, the approach then proceeds to consider interactions among stressors. We make a distinction between applications that begin with effects of concern (effects based) or with specific stressors (stressor based). We describe a number of tools for use within the phased approach. The methods profiled are ones that have been applied to yield results that can be communicated to a wide audience. The latter characteristic is considered especially important because multiple stressor problems usually involve exposures to communities or to ecologic regions with many stakeholders.

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