Systems Analysis of In-Space Manufacturing Applications for the International Space Station and the Evolvable Mars Campaign

Owens, Andrew; Weck, Olivier L. de

doi:10.2514/6.2016-5394

Cited by 33 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…An in-depth discussion of risk, reliability, and POS modeling is beyond the scope of this paper; however, a selection of references is provided here that include more detailed descriptions of various modeling approaches. 1,2,8,15,16,27,32,37,38,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] Epistemic uncertainty is also a critical consideration for spares and maintenance logistics. 8,36 When failure rates are (or, at least, are assumed to be) deterministically known, POS for a given item is a deterministic value.…”

Section: 44mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unknown or unanticipated effects can have significant implications for system supportability that must be kept in mind during system development. For example, the ISS ECLSS system has experienced several instances of component failure and/or degraded performance due to unanticipated issues, 18,44 63 or even changes in the concentration of calcium in crew urine due to physiological changes resulting from the microgravity environment. 63,64 Distributions on the values of failure rates or other parameters can be used to account for some of this uncertainty, but unknown risks will always remain.…”

Section: Unknown Unknownsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Key supportability strategy decisions for human spaceflight missions are listed and described below, based on descriptions in various sources and lessons learned from previous supportability analyses. 1,8,15,36,44,65 As with the metrics described in Section III, this list is not necessarily exhaustive. The potential impacts that each decision could have on high-level metrics is described briefly, as well as major couplings with other supportability strategy decisions.…”

Section: Supportability Strategy Decisionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"Just-in-time" manufacturing can significantly reduce logistics mass requirements by enabling the use of common raw materials to cover a variety of potential failures on-demand, eliminating the need to specialize spares and maintenance items to particular components. 43,44,70,71 This is effectively an extension of commonality (Section IV.D), and has similar effects in terms of broad risk coverage from common resources. However, a key difference is that where commonality of spare parts imposes interchangeability constraints on the design of the part itself, ISM imposes the need for common materials and for manufacturability within the constraints of ISM technology available to the mission.…”

Section: F In-space Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, ISM helps mitigate the impact of epistemic uncertainty. 44 In addition, ISM provides the flexibility for the crew to manufacture items that may not have been planned for, providing a powerful contingency option. 44,[74][75][76] ISM can also offer several other benefits, including simplified inventory management, reduced logistics stowage volume requirements, and opportunities to re-optimize system designs without launch packaging or loading constraints.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supportability Challenges, Metrics, and Key Decisions for Future Human Spaceflight

Owens

Weck

Stromgren³

et al. 2017

AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition

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Future crewed missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) represent a logistical challenge that is unprecedented in human spaceflight. Astronauts will travel farther and stay in space for longer than any previous mission, far from timely abort or resupply from Earth. Under these conditions, supportability -defined as the set of system characteristics that influence the logistics and support required to enable safe and effective operations of systems -will be a much more significant driver of space system lifecycle properties than it has been in the past. This paper presents an overview of supportability for future human spaceflight. The particular challenges of future missions are discussed, with the differences between past, present, and future missions highlighted. The relationship between supportability metrics and mission cost, performance, schedule, and risk is also discussed. A set of proposed strategies for managing supportability is presented -including reliability growth, uncertainty reduction, level of repair, commonality, redundancy, In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) (including the use of material recycling and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for spares and maintenance items), reduced complexity, and spares inventory decisions such as the use of predeployed or cached spares -along with a discussion of the potential impacts of each of those strategies. References are provided to various sources that describe these supportability metrics and strategies, as well as associated modeling and optimization techniques, in greater detail. Overall, supportability is an emergent system characteristic and a holistic challenge for future system development. System designers and mission planners must carefully consider and balance the supportability metrics and decisions described in this paper in order to enable safe and effective beyond-LEO human spaceflight.

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Section: 44mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Unknown Unknownsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Supportability Strategy Decisionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F In-space Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Supportability Challenges, Metrics, and Key Decisions for Future Human Spaceflight

Owens

Weck

Stromgren³

et al. 2017

AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition

Self Cite

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Design and Assembly of Efficient Component-Based Off-Earth Infrastructure: From Vernacular to Contemporary Form-Finding Methods

Konstantatou,

Todisco,

Borg

et al. 2024

Springer Series in Adaptive Environments

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3D Printing in Zero G Technology Demonstration Mission: complete experimental results and summary of related material modeling efforts

Prater

Werkheiser

Ledbetter³

et al. 2018

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

112

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In 2014, NASA, in partnership with Made In Space, Inc., launched the first 3D printer to the International Space Station. Results of the first phase of operations for this mission demonstrated use of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process for 3D printing in a microgravity environment. Previously published results indicated differences in density and mechanical properties of specimens printed in microgravity and those manufactured with the printer prior to its launch to ISS. Based on extensive analyses, these differences were hypothesized to be a result of subtle changes in manufacturing process settings rather than a microgravity influence on the FFF process. Phase II operations provided an opportunity to produce additional specimens in microgravity, evaluate the impact of changes in the extruder standoff distance, and ultimate provide a more rigorous assessment of microgravity effects through control of manufacturing process settings. Based on phase II results and a holistic consideration of phase I and phase II flight specimens, no engineering-significant microgravity effects on the process are noted. Results of accompanying material modeling efforts, which simulate the FFF process under a variety of conditions (including microgravity), are also presented. No significant microgravity effects on material outcomes are noted in the physics-based model of the FFF process. The 3D printing in zero G technology demonstration mission represents the first instance of off-world manufacturing. It represents the first step toward transforming logistics for long duration space exploration and is also an important crew safety enhancement for extended space missions where cargo resupply is

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Systems Analysis of In-Space Manufacturing Applications for the International Space Station and the Evolvable Mars Campaign

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Supportability Challenges, Metrics, and Key Decisions for Future Human Spaceflight

Supportability Challenges, Metrics, and Key Decisions for Future Human Spaceflight

Design and Assembly of Efficient Component-Based Off-Earth Infrastructure: From Vernacular to Contemporary Form-Finding Methods

3D Printing in Zero G Technology Demonstration Mission: complete experimental results and summary of related material modeling efforts

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