Systemic virulence of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 requires a functional iron assimilation system

Enard, Corine; Diolez, Annick; Expert, Dominique

doi:10.1128/jb.170.6.2419-2426.1988

Cited by 156 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…7), which is in agreement with the fact that siderophore-deficient mutants are affected in their aggressiveness (Enard et al, 1988;Dellagi et al, 2005;Franza et al, 2005). The weaker activation of PR1 after inoculation of the CBdeficient mutant compared with the wild-type strain indicates that CB produced during infection is likely responsible for activation of the SA pathway.…”

Section: Role Of Cb In the Activation Of The Iron Deficiency Root Ressupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The plant pathogenic bacterium E. chrysanthemi requires the production of siderophores for systemic progression in host tissues (Enard et al, 1988;Dellagi et al, 2005;Franza et al, 2005). Production of siderophores and pectinases is controlled by iron availability, indicating that high-affinity iron uptake by this bacterium is a critical factor during pathogenesis (Franza et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This result confirms that CB can repress the expression of PDF1.2. Previous studies using bacterial mutants unable to produce CB or achromobactin have shown that these siderophores promote the infection process in host plants (Enard et al, 1988;Dellagi et al, 2005;Franza et al, 2005). We thus asked whether infiltration of CB onto Arabidopsis leaves prior to E. chrysanthemi inoculation could affect the bacterial growth.…”

Section: Cb Manipulates Plant Defenses and Promotes In Planta Bacterimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under iron deficiency, E. chrysanthemi releases two siderophores: the hydroxycarboxylate achromobactin, which is produced when iron becomes limiting (Mü nzinger et al, 2000), and the catecholate chrysobactin (CB; Persmark et al, 1989), which prevails under severe iron deficiency. CB and achromobactin production are required for the systemic progression of maceration symptoms on the hosts (Enard et al, 1988;Dellagi et al, 2005;Franza et al, 2005). Neema et al (1993) showed that the production of CB enables bacterial cells to compete with plant cells for iron, preventing sequestration of this metal by the plant ferritins.…”

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Microbial Siderophores Exert a Subtle Role in Arabidopsis during Infection by Manipulating the Immune Response and the Iron Status

et al. 2009

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Siderophores (ferric ion chelators) are secreted by organisms in response to iron deficiency. The pathogenic enterobacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi produces two siderophores, achromobactin and chrysobactin (CB), which are required for systemic dissemination in host plants. Previous studies have shown that CB is produced in planta and can trigger the up-regulation of the plant ferritin gene AtFER1. To further investigate the function of CB during pathogenesis, we analyzed its effect in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants following leaf infiltration. CB activates the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signaling pathway, while the CB ferric complex is ineffective, suggesting that the elicitor activity of this siderophore is due to its ironbinding property. We confirmed this hypothesis by testing the effect of siderophores structurally unrelated to CB, including deferrioxamine. There was no activation of SA-dependent defense in plants grown under iron deficiency before CB treatment. Transcriptional analysis of the genes encoding the root ferrous ion transporter and ferric chelate reductase, and determination of the activity of this enzyme in response to CB or deferrioxamine, showed that these compounds induce a leaf-to-root iron deficiency signal. This root response as well as ferritin gene up-regulation in the leaf were not compromised in a SA-deficient mutant line. Using the Arabidopsis-E. chrysanthemi pathosystem, we have shown that CB promotes bacterial growth in planta and can modulate plant defenses through an antagonistic mechanism between SA and jasmonic acid signaling cascades. Collectively, these data reveal a new link between two processes mediated by SA and iron in response to microbial siderophores.

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Section: Role Of Cb In the Activation Of The Iron Deficiency Root Ressupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cb Manipulates Plant Defenses and Promotes In Planta Bacterimentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial Siderophores Exert a Subtle Role in Arabidopsis during Infection by Manipulating the Immune Response and the Iron Status

et al. 2009

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“…1). Ferric chrysobactin is transported back into the cell via its specific TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor Fct (17)(18)(19) and a cytoplasmic membrane permease that is missing in a class of mutants deficient in ferric chrysobactin uptake (20). These mutants do not acquire iron from ferric enterobactin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chrysobactin-dependent Iron Acquisition inErwinia chrysanthemi

Rauscher

Expert

Matzanke

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Under iron limitation, the plant pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi produces the catechol-type siderophore chrysobactin, which acts as a virulence factor. It can also use enterobactin as a xenosiderophore. We began this work by sequencing the 5-upstream region of the fct-cbsCEBA operon, which encodes the ferric chrysobactin receptor and proteins involved in synthesis of the catechol moiety. We identified a new iron-regulated gene (cbsH) transcribed divergently relative to the fct gene, the translated sequence of which is 45.6% identical to that of Escherichia coli ferric enterobactin esterase. Insertions within this gene interrupt the chrysobactin biosynthetic pathway by exerting a polar effect on a downstream gene with some sequence identity to the E. coli enterobactin synthase gene. These mutations had no effect on the ability of the bacterium to obtain iron from enterobactin, showing that a functional cbsH gene is not required for iron removal from ferric enterobactin in E. chrysanthemi. The cbsH-negative mutants were less able to utilize ferric chrysobactin, and this effect was not caused by a defect in transport per se. In a nonpolar cbsH-negative mutant, chrysobactin accumulated intracellularly. These defects were rescued by the cbsH gene supplied on a plasmid. The amino acid sequence of the CbsH protein revealed characteristics of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family. Ferric chrysobactin hydrolysis was detected in cell extracts from a cbsHpositive strain that was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. These data are consistent with the fact that chrysobactin is a D-lysyl-L-serine derivative. Mö ssbauer spectroscopy of whole cells at various states of 57 Felabeled chrysobactin uptake showed that this enzyme is not required for iron removal from chrysobactin in vivo. The CbsH protein may therefore be regarded as a peptidase that prevents the bacterial cells from being intracellularly iron-depleted by chrysobactin.

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Microbial Siderophores

Winkelmann¹,

Drechsel²

1997

Biotechnology

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Systemic virulence of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 requires a functional iron assimilation system

Cited by 156 publications

References 33 publications

Microbial Siderophores Exert a Subtle Role in Arabidopsis during Infection by Manipulating the Immune Response and the Iron Status

Microbial Siderophores Exert a Subtle Role in Arabidopsis during Infection by Manipulating the Immune Response and the Iron Status

Chrysobactin-dependent Iron Acquisition inErwinia chrysanthemi

Microbial Siderophores

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