Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis Induced by Biocontrol Bacteria Is Independent of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression

Pieterse, C.M.J.; Wees, Saskia C. M. Van; Hoffland, Ellis; Pelt, J.A. van; Loon, L.C. van

doi:10.2307/3870297

Cited by 173 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As shown previously, resistance can be induced by exogenous application of relatively small amounts of SA. Induction of PR-1 occurs in a dosedependent manner and requires signi®cantly higher SA concentrations (Pieterse et al, 1996;van Wees et al, 1999). The SA content in c-SAS plants, although suf®cient for resistance induction, may be too low for an ef®cient activation of the PR-1 gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase

Mauch

Mauch‐Mani

Gaille

et al. 2001

Plant J

105

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SummarySalicylic acid (SA) plays a central role as a signalling molecule involved in plant defense against microbial attack. Genetic manipulation of SA biosynthesis may therefore help to generate plants that are more disease-resistant. By fusing the two bacterial genes pchA and pchB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which encode isochorismate synthase and isochorismate pyruvate-lyase, respectively, we have engineered a novel hybrid enzyme with salicylate synthase (SAS) activity. The pchB-A fusion was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under the control of the constitutive cauli¯ower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, with targeting of the gene product either to the cytosol (c-SAS plants) or to the chloroplast (p-SAS plants). In p-SAS plants, the amount of free and conjugated SA was increased more than 20-fold above wild type (WT) level, indicating that SAS is functional in Arabidopsis. P-SAS plants showed a strongly dwarfed phenotype and produced very few seeds. Dwar®sm could be caused by the high SA levels per se or, perhaps more likely, by a depletion of the chorismate or isochorismate pools of the chloroplast. Targeting of SAS to the cytosol caused a slight increase in free SA and a signi®cant threefold increase in conjugated SA, probably re¯ecting limited chorismate availability in this compartment. Although this modest increase in total SA content did not strongly induce the resistance marker PR-1, it resulted nevertheless in enhanced disease resistance towards a virulent isolate of Peronospora parasitica. Increased resistance of c-SAS lines was paralleled with reduced seed production. Taken together, these results illustrate that SAS is a potent tool for the manipulation of SA levels in plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase

Mauch

Mauch‐Mani

Gaille

et al. 2001

Plant J

105

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“…SA is a necessary intermediate in the SAR signal transduction pathway because SA-nonaccumulating NahG plants, expressing the bacterial SA hydroxylase gene NahG, are impaired in SAR (32). In contrast, WCS417r-mediated ISR functions independently of SA and PR gene activation (30,31) but requires JA and ethylene signaling. The JA response mutant jar1 and the ethylene response mutant etr1, that express normal levels of pathogeninduced SAR (32,34,35), did not express ISR upon treatment with WCS417r, indicating that the ISR-signaling pathway requires components of the JA and ethylene response (35,36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ton and C.M.J.P., unpublished results) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) (30,31), indicating that, like SAR, WCS417r-mediated ISR is effective against different types of pathogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selected nonpathogenic, rhizosphere-colonizing Pseudomonas bacteria trigger a phenotypically similar form of resistance, called rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) (26). Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS417r (WCS417r) has been shown to activate ISR in several plant species (27)(28)(29) including Arabidopsis thaliana (30). In Arabidopsis, WCS417r-mediated ISR is active against the fungal root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Arabidopsis, WCS417r-mediated ISR is active against the fungal root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (30,31), the oomycetous leaf pathogen Peronospora parasitica (J. Ton and C.M.J.P., unpublished results), and the bacterial leaf pathogens Xanthomonas campestris pv.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enhancement of induced disease resistance by simultaneous activation of salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana

Wees

Swart²,

Pelt³

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

529

296

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The plant-signaling molecules salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play an important role in induced disease resistance pathways. Cross-talk between SA-and JA-dependent pathways can result in inhibition of JA-mediated defense responses. We investigated possible antagonistic interactions between the SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway, which is induced upon pathogen infection, and the JA-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway, which is triggered by nonpathogenic Pseudomonas rhizobacteria. In Arabidopsis thaliana, SAR and ISR are effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Simultaneous activation of SAR and ISR resulted in an additive effect on the level of induced protection against Pst. In Arabidopsis genotypes that are blocked in either SAR or ISR, this additive effect was not evident. Moreover, induction of ISR did not affect the expression of the SAR marker gene PR-1 in plants expressing SAR.Together, these observations demonstrate that the SAR and the ISR pathway are compatible and that there is no significant cross-talk between these pathways. SAR and ISR both require the key regulatory protein NPR1. Plants expressing both types of induced resistance did not show elevated Npr1 transcript levels, indicating that the constitutive level of NPR1 is sufficient to facilitate simultaneous expression of SAR and ISR. These results suggest that the enhanced level of protection is established through parallel activation of complementary, NPR1-dependent defense responses that are both active against Pst. Therefore, combining SAR and ISR provides an attractive tool for the improvement of disease control.

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Induced Resistance – Orchestrating Defence Mechanisms through Crosstalk and Priming

Ent

Koornneef

Ton

et al. 2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Abstract:In nature, plants interact with a wide range of microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects. During the evolutionary arms race between plants and their attackers, primary and secondary immune responses evolved to recognise common or highly specialised features of the attacker encountered, resulting in sophisticated mechanisms of induced defence. Induced resistance mechanisms are characterised by a broad-spectrum effectiveness and often act systemically in plant parts distant from the site of primary attack, thereby protecting the plant against subsequent invaders. Plant hormones are key players in the regulation of the defence signalling pathways involved. Because induced defence responses entail ecological fitness costs, plants must possess elaborate regulatory mechanisms that efficiently coordinate the activation of attacker-specific defences so that fitness costs are minimised while optimal resistance is attained. A major focus in plant defence signalling research is to uncover key mechanisms by which plants tailor their responses to different attackers, and to investigate how plants cope with simultaneous interactions with multiple aggressors. Pathway crosstalk and priming for enhanced defence emerged as important regulatory mechanisms that enhance the efficiency of the plant's inducible defence arsenal. Here, we review the current knowledge on the signalling cascades involved in different types of induced pathogen and insect resistance, and the regulatory mechanisms by which plants are able to orchestrate their inducible defences in a cost-effective manner.

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Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis Induced by Biocontrol Bacteria Is Independent of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression

Cited by 173 publications

References 27 publications

Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase

Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase

Enhancement of induced disease resistance by simultaneous activation of salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana

Induced Resistance – Orchestrating Defence Mechanisms through Crosstalk and Priming

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